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本文內(nèi)容來(lái)源于著作 高分辨率肺部CT(第5版) 原 著W.Richard Webb Nestor L. MullerDavid P.Naidich 主 譯 潘紀(jì)戍 胡榮劍主 審 鄭向鵬 張國(guó)楨 版權(quán)歸原作者所有,僅供學(xué)習(xí)使用,如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除,在此致謝! ![]() 肺水腫臨床病理與影像學(xué) ![]() 肺水腫大致可被劃分為流體靜力壓性(亦稱為心源性或壓力增高性)和毛細(xì)血管通透性增加性(非心源性)兩大類別。通透性水腫有可能與流體靜力壓性水腫同時(shí)存在,通透性水腫還可能與彌漫性肺泡損害(DAD)并發(fā),從而可能誘發(fā)急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)。 先前提出的肺水腫分類方法包括:①流體靜力壓性水腫;②無(wú)DAD的通透性增加性水腫;③混合性水腫;④伴DAD的通透性水腫(ARDS)。這種分類在病理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)上均表現(xiàn)出較好的一致性。盡管通過(guò)胸片或高分辨率CT(HRCT)來(lái)區(qū)分肺水腫類型并不完全可靠,但它們之間的表現(xiàn)確實(shí)存在一些差異。 一、流體靜力壓性肺水腫 流體靜力壓性肺水腫是由于血管內(nèi)與血管外之間流體靜力壓和膠體滲透壓之間的平衡關(guān)系發(fā)生改變所引發(fā)。多數(shù)情形下,血管內(nèi)壓力升高主要?dú)w因于肺靜脈壓增高,導(dǎo)致液體滲入間質(zhì)并流失。此外,由于低白蛋白血癥引發(fā)的血管內(nèi)膠體滲透壓降低,亦可能加劇液體向間質(zhì)的滲漏。 影像學(xué)表現(xiàn):流體靜力壓性肺水腫的典型表現(xiàn)為小葉間隔增厚與肺內(nèi)磨玻璃影的同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。如小葉間隔增厚或磨玻璃影。此外,還可能觀察到鋪路石征和實(shí)變等征象。
上圖:心肌病的流體靜力壓性肺水腫。HRCT顯示小葉間隔增厚和斑片狀磨玻璃影,右側(cè)為著。支氣管血管周?chē)g質(zhì)增厚(表現(xiàn)為支氣管壁增厚、胸膜下間質(zhì)增厚(表現(xiàn)為葉間裂增厚)。
▲上圖:腎衰竭合并流體靜力壓性肺水腫。小葉間隔增厚和斑片狀磨玻璃影,支氣管血管周?chē)g質(zhì)增厚和胸膜下間質(zhì)增厚。
▲圖:患者被確認(rèn)為患有流體靜力壓性肺水腫,其特點(diǎn)為小葉間隔增厚。在充血性心力衰竭的背景下,觀察到廣泛的小葉間隔增厚。此外,患者的支氣管血管周?chē)g質(zhì)也有增厚現(xiàn)象,表現(xiàn)為支氣管壁增厚,同時(shí)左側(cè)葉間裂亦出現(xiàn)增厚。另外,兩側(cè)存在少量的胸腔積液。 ![]() ![]() ![]() [1] Ketai LH and Godwin JD present a novel perspective on pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome in the Journal of Thoracic Imaging, 1998;13:147-171. [2] Gluecker T, Capasso P, Schnyder P, and colleagues detail the clinical and radiographic characteristics of pulmonary edema in the journal Radiographics, 1999;19:1507-1531, with a discussion section from 1532-1533. [3] Hommeyer SH, Godwin JD, and Takasugi JE contribute to the field of computed tomography of airspace disease in the Radiology Clinics of North America, 1991;29:1065-1084. [4] Primack SL and Muller NL discuss the use of high-resolution computed tomography in acute diffuse lung disease among immunocompromised patients in the Radiology Clinics of North America, 1994;32:731-744. [5] Todo G and Herman PG present their findings on high-resolution computed tomography of the pig lung in Investigative Radiology, 1986;21:689-696. Webb WR, Stein MG, Finkbeiner WE, and colleagues provide insights into normal and diseased isolated lungs using high-resolution computed tomography in the journal Radiology, 1988;166:81-87. [6] Bessis L, Callard P, Gotheil C, and team present a precise correlation between high-resolution computed tomography findings and histologic results in parenchymal lung disease in the journal Radiographics, 1992;12:45-58. [7] Hedlund LW, Vock P, Effimann EL, and colleagues analyze lung density changes in hydrostatic pulmonary edema using computed tomography in Investigative Radiology, 1984;19:254-262. [8] Scillia P, Kafi SA, Melot C, and team evaluate thin-section computed tomography in dogs with oleic acid-induced lung injury in the journal Radiology, 2001;219:724-731. [9] Forster BB, Müller NL, Mayo JR, and colleagues contribute to the understanding of high-resolution computed tomography in experimental hydrostatic pulmonary edema in the journal Chest, 1992;101:1434-1437. |
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