詩

Shi (Poetry)

圖片來源：學習強國

中國古代文學的主要體式，也是中國古代最早產(chǎn)生的文學體式。它按照一定的節(jié)奏、韻律、字數(shù)和句式要求，用凝練的語言、豐富的想象反映社會生活、表達思想情感。“詩”與“文”是中國古代文學的主要形態(tài)，古人所說的“詩”主要分古體詩和近體詩，一般不包括唐以后出現(xiàn)的詞曲。古體詩也叫古風，是近體詩產(chǎn)生前除楚辭體之外的各種詩體的通稱，其格律比較自由，不拘對仗、平仄，押韻較寬，篇幅長短不限，句子有四言、五言、六言、七言、雜言；近體詩也叫格律詩，它的字數(shù)、押韻、平仄、對仗都有嚴格的規(guī)定，有五絕、七絕、五律、七律、排律等。詩與詞曲的區(qū)別是：詩不配樂，詞曲可配樂歌唱。在中國，詩已有兩千多年的歷史，古人認為詩能夠連通人與自然、表達志向、抒發(fā)情性，集中體現(xiàn)了中國文學藝術的精神特質(zhì)與審美追求，這與西方將詩看作文學的門類很不相同。在中國古代，儒家思想對詩的創(chuàng)作有重要指導作用，而道家與佛教思想對于詩的意境理論影響深遠。因中國最早的詩集是《詩經(jīng)》，所以后世也用“詩”專指《詩經(jīng)》。

Shi (詩) is a major genre of ancient Chinese literature, the earliest literary form that emerged in China. Observing the requirements of a certain rhythm, rules of rhyming, number of characters, and type of verses, and using concise language and rich imagination, it reflects social life and conveys thoughts and emotions. Shi and wen (文) are two principal forms of ancient Chinese literature. Shi, as referred to by the ancient Chinese, consists of the older type of poetry and the latter type of poetry. It generally does not include ci (詞 lyric) and qu (曲 melody), which appeared as literary genres after the Tang Dynasty. The older type of shi is also called gufeng (古風), meaning ancient style, which is a general appellation for all kinds of poetic forms produced prior to the latter type of shi, except the style employed in the odes of Chu. With relatively few restrictions in rules and forms, shi is not constrained by any antithetical arrangement or a fixed tone pattern, and its rhyme is fairly free. In addition, the length of a piece is not limited. A verse may have four, six, seven, or a mixed number of Chinese characters. The latter type of shi is also called gelüshi (格律詩), meaning poetry with fixed patterns. Its number of characters, rhyming, tone pattern, and antithetical arrangement are all strictly fixed. A poem of this type may contain four lines (known as jue 絕), each with five or seven characters, or eight lines (known as lü 律), each with five or seven characters. Occasionally, it is much longer than normal, expanding to one and a half dozen lines, which is referred to as pailü (排律). The difference between shi, and ci and qu is that the former is not set to music, while the latter may be set to music and sung. Shi has existed as a literary form for more than 2,000 years in China. Ancient Chinese used shi to connect humans with nature, voice aspirations, and give to emotions. It embodied the spirit and aesthetic pursuits of literature and art in ancient China, which is very different from the West, which only sees poetry as a category of literature. In ancient China, Confucian thought played an important guiding role in poetic creation, while Daoist and Buddhist thoughts had a profound influence on the theory of poetry's artistic conception. Since 'The Book of Songs' was China's earliest collection of poems, later generations also used shi to refer to 'The Book of Songs' in particular.

引例 Citations：

◎詩言志，歌永言，聲依永，律和聲。（《尚書·堯典》）

詩是表達內(nèi)心志向的，歌是用語言來吟唱的。隨詩的吟唱而有抑揚疾徐的聲音變化，再用音律來調(diào)和聲音。

Shi gives expression to aspirations while songs are verses for chanting. In singing, shi undergoes changes in tempo and tone; then it harmonizes sounds with meter and melody. (The Book of History)

◎詩，言其志也；歌，詠其聲也；舞，動其容也；三者本于心，然后樂器從之。（《禮記·樂記》）（詩，用語言表達人的志向；歌，用吟唱表達內(nèi)心的想法；舞，是將內(nèi)心的想法呈現(xiàn)于形體的各種舞姿。這三者都發(fā)自內(nèi)心，之后才以樂器演奏加以配合。）

Shi expresses aspirations through written words, whereas songs do so via chanting. Dancing is a sequence of body movements to project one's emotions. All these three forms of art come forth from the heart, accompanied by musical performance. (The Book of Rites)

◎氣之動物，物之感人，故搖蕩性情，行諸舞詠。照燭三才，暉麗萬有，靈祗待之以致饗，幽微藉之以昭告。動天地，感鬼神，莫近于詩。（鐘嶸《詩品序》）

四季的氣候引起景物變化，景物變化感發(fā)人的內(nèi)心，引起人的性情起伏跌宕，并通過舞蹈吟唱表現(xiàn)出來。它輝映著天、地、人，讓萬物亮麗生輝，天上的神祇依賴它接受享祀，幽冥的神靈也通過它明告天下。而感動天地、鬼神的，沒有比詩更接近的了。

The four seasons bring changes in scenery, which in turn stir one's emotions. One gives expression to such emotions through dancing and chanting. Poetry thus illuminates heaven, earth and humans, making everything clear and bright. The gods in heaven rely on it to perform sacrificial rituals and the spirits in the nether world use it to communicate with the world. Among those which move heaven, earth and the spirits, nothing comes near poetry! (Zhong Rong: Preface toThe Critique of Poetry)

（推薦：教育部 國家語委 供稿：北京外國語大學 外語教學與研究出版社）