內(nèi)容提要

除非目標(biāo)期刊的指南有特殊要求，摘要需要包含問題陳述、動機、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論五個要素。本文針對每個要素給出一些常用的句型。

句型舉例中， A代表作者, C代表特征，D代表領(lǐng)域或方向，E代表某個解釋或定義, M代表方法，P代表問題， R代表原因，X代表現(xiàn)象、規(guī)律等，O代表其他。對應(yīng)的小寫字母則代表子類或細分，例如，d代表D中的細分方向。摘要舉例取自于文獻【1】。

【1】 E W. Schwieterman , CT. Reinhard, SL. Olson , CE. Harman & TW. Lyons 2019 A Limited Habitable Zone for Complex Life， The Astrophysical Journal, 878:19 (9pp), pp:1-9

1、問題陳述常見句型

problem statement

陳述要解決的問題是什么，這個問題有什么地位或重要性。對于受益面比較大的問題，先用通俗易懂的語言陳述所有科學(xué)家都懂的部分，再陳述同行科學(xué)家才懂的部分。對于只面向同行科學(xué)家的論文，如果論文的標(biāo)題和摘要中指出的動機很明顯地帶出了是什么問題，那么可以忽略這個要素。

問題陳述常見句型

X is defined as E, and this problem is important for (or key issue in) D. Though much work has been done concerning P, the related questions about p are little addressed (or not considered, or not thoroughly considered). Understanding these questions is of primary importance (or significant ) in d.

P is a hotly studied topic due to the widespread recongnization of the importance of this problem in D. Unfortunaturely, the p of P is little addressed (or not considered) due to the lack of (or owing to or for reason of) R.

p is an important component in P and plays a key role in d.

R is the leading cause of X frequently observed in p.

M is among the most widely used methods and

X is a well-known phenomenon characterized by C.

The issue of p in P has received considerable attentions because of its importance in D.

p is an increasingly important issue in D.

舉例：

The habitable zone (HZ) is commonly defined as the range of distances from a host star within which liquid water, a key requirement for life, may exist on a planet’s surface. Substantially more CO2 than present in Earth’s modern atmosphere is required to maintain clement temperatures for most of the HZ, with several bars required at the outer edge. However, most complex aerobic life on Earth is limited by CO2 concentrations of just fractions of a bar. At the same time, most exoplanets in the traditional HZ reside in proximity to M dwarfs, which are more numerous than Sun-like G dwarfs but are predicted to promote greater abundances of gases that can be toxic in the atmospheres of orbiting planets, such as carbon monoxide (CO).

可居住區(qū)(HZ)通常被定義為作為生命的一個關(guān)鍵要素的液態(tài)水可以存在于行星表面的離宿主恒星的距離范圍。對于大多數(shù)可居住區(qū)，為了維持溫和的溫度，要求二氧化碳比地球現(xiàn)代大氣中的二氧化碳多得多， 且在外邊緣有幾個巴的氣壓。然而，地球上最復(fù)雜的有氧生命受幾分之一巴二氧化碳濃度的限制。與此同時，位于傳統(tǒng)宜居帶的大多數(shù)系外行星都位于M矮星附近，這種矮星比類太陽的G矮星數(shù)量更多，但據(jù)預(yù)測這會使在軌行星大氣中更富有一氧化碳等有毒氣體。

2、動機常見句型

motivation or purpose

動機用于指出論文要解決的具體問題是什么，必要時指出目的，適當(dāng)指出解決這個問題的重要性和困難。

動機常見句型

Here we show (or demonstrtae) that X .

This study aims to elucidate R of X observed in p.

The main objective/goal/purpose of the paper/article is to introduce a M (or elucidate R or explain the cause of X).

Here (or in this paper) we study (or address or consider) p (or X or M).

p (or X or M) is considered in this paper.

This paper is concerned with p (or X or M).

The paper/article discusses (or deals with, analyses, considers, explains, describes, establishes a method for, aims on, offer a solution to) p (or X or M).

This paper develops M (presents M, provides M, studies X, contains R, concentrates on R)

This paper gives (or aims to give ) a comprehensive account of R.

This paper presents a novel M for R that exists in p of P.

舉例：

Here we show that the HZ for complex aerobic life is likely limited relative to that for microbial life.

在這里，我們指明，相對于微生物生命，適應(yīng)于復(fù)雜有氧生命的宜居帶（數(shù)目）可能受限。

3、方法常見句型

method

簡述論文所采用的研究方法。對于讀者所不熟悉的方法，應(yīng)指出方法的特征和方法的來源。

方法常見句型

We use the method M for p and this method has the properties of C.

M is used in this paper.

Systematic M (experiments or numerical simulation or case studies or surveys or theoretical analyses ) are performed with

To solve p (or to reveal X) , a method based on m is proposed here and this method is capable of .

We build M for X and this method is updated from the method of A through introducing m to increase the accurary (or robustness or parameter range).

舉例：

We use a 1D radiative-convective climate and photochemical models to circumscribe a Habitable Zone for Complex Life (HZCL) based on known toxicity limits for a range of organisms as a proof of concept..

我們使用1D輻射對流氣候和光化學(xué)模型，根據(jù)一系列生物的已知毒性極限，劃定復(fù)雜生命可居住區(qū)，以作為（我們提出的）概念的證明。

4、結(jié)果常見句型

result

呈現(xiàn)論文得到的最重要/主要的結(jié)果。如果是定量結(jié)果，應(yīng)量化到最后一級。如果是定性結(jié)果，應(yīng)使用沒有歧義的表述方式。

結(jié)果常見句型

We find that for ...

One of the important results is that x1, another one is that x2.

The results are X.

We obtain the results of or that X

It is demonstrated that R is the reason of x.

According to this study, X.

Interestingly (or Surprisingly), R was shown (found) to have important impact on p.

The most striking observation from the data was

The most striking finding of this study was

The x1 and x2 are here found to be dependent on

舉例：

We find that for CO2 tolerances of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 bar, the HZCL is only 21%, 32%, and 50% as wide as the conventional HZ for a Sun-like star, and that CO concentrations may limit some complex life throughout the entire HZ of the coolest M dwarfs.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于氣壓為0.01、0.1和1巴的二氧化碳容差，復(fù)雜生命宜居帶的寬度僅為類太陽恒星常規(guī)宜居帶的21%、32%和50%，并且CO2濃度可能會限制最冷的M矮星整個宜居帶的某些復(fù)雜生命。

5、結(jié)論常見句型

conclusion

聲明結(jié)果對同方向的問題有什么含義、影響和價值。對于綜合性期刊，還要求指出對其它或所有領(lǐng)域的問題有什么意義。對于非常專業(yè)的期刊或論文，如果結(jié)果本身的意義對于潛在讀者很明確，則不需要特別強調(diào)結(jié)論。

結(jié)論常見句型

These results cast new light on (or have important ramifications for ) p.

The present study bridges the gap between p1 and p2.

The present study establishes a link between x1 and x2.

This study closes up a long debate about R.

The conclusion of this study is that

The result obtained by this study can be used to (or applied to）

This study opens up a new field （or issue） in P.

This study not only solves the challenging problem of P but also offers a method that can be used to solve other problems such as p1 and p2.

舉例：

These results cast new light on the likely distribution of complex life in the universe and have important ramifications for the search for exoplanet biosignatures and technosignatures..

這些結(jié)果給宇宙中復(fù)雜生命的分布帶來新的見解，且對尋找外行星生物特征和技術(shù)特征有重要延伸意義。

以上句型假定了論文的五個要素分布在不同句子中。有時，可以用一些特有的句型將兩個或多個要素概括在一個句子中，例如，以下句型就將方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論緊密地結(jié)合在一句話中：

通過使用檔案分析和調(diào)查分析相結(jié)合的方法，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生修業(yè)年限與進出圖書館的頻率的相關(guān)性系數(shù)高達0.5，這一結(jié)論可用于督促學(xué)生將更多時間花在圖書館”就將方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論緊密地結(jié)合在一句話中。