1．動詞的時態(tài)

    （l）一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)

    1）表示現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。如：

    They are in the classroom. 他們在教室。

    He is an English teacher in a middle school.

    他是一位中學(xué)英語老師。

    2）表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的動作。如：

    I usually look through the newspaper after supper. 我一般晚飯后看報紙。

He goes to see his father every week.

    他每周都去看他的父親。

    3）表示不變的真理或事實(shí)。如：

Light travels faster than sound.

    光速比聲速快。

    The earth runs around the sun.

    地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

    4）表示將來

    A．如果主句為將來時態(tài)（包括含can的句子和祈使句），時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中的謂語動詞用一般時態(tài)表示將來。如：

You can do the work better if you are more careful. 如果你再仔細(xì)些你會把工作做得更好。

I will tell him everything when I meet him next time.下次碰到他我會把一切都告訴他的。

    B．表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，句中要有一個表示未來時間的狀語。如：

    The train to Guangzhou leaves at seven this evening. 去廣州的火車晚上7點(diǎn)開車。

School begins at ten to three in the afternoon after May Day. 五一以后學(xué)校下午2∶50上課。

    （2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

    1）表示現(xiàn)在或在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。如：

    The students are having English class in the classroom．學(xué)生們正在教室里上英語課。

    How are you getting along with your study these days?你最近學(xué)習(xí)怎么樣？

    2）一些表示位置移動的動詞可用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表將來，這些詞常見的有come, go, arrive, reach, leave, move, start, begin, get, stay等。如：

    Where are you staying in Xi’an during your stay there? 去西安時你將住在哪兒？

    I didn’t know he was coming this afternoon.

    我原來不知道他今天下午要來。

    3）與always，often：usually等副詞連用表示動作的重復(fù)。如：

    You must not be always translating every- thing into your own language when you study a foreign language.當(dāng)你學(xué)外語時，你不能總是把每句話都譯成你自己的語言。

    He can often be seen sitting at a desk writing something．經(jīng)常會看到他坐在桌子旁寫東西。

    注意：下列幾組詞不能用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)：

    A．瞬間動詞，如give，get，end，receive,

accept, permit, allow, refuse, decide等。

    B．感官動詞，如： see， hear， look， feel，smell，sound, need, remain等。

    C．表情感的動詞，如：love，hate，prefer, please, forget, believe, want, mind, agree, wish, mean, need, remember 等

D．表狀態(tài)的動詞，如：stand, lie , seem, appear, exist, remain等。

（3）一般過去式

1）表過去的動作或狀態(tài)。如：

    The peasants lived poorly at that time.

    那時候農(nóng)民生活很貧窮。

    Mary left school last year and is now learning Chinese here.

    瑪麗去年畢業(yè)，現(xiàn)在正在這里學(xué)習(xí)漢語。

    2）表過去的習(xí)慣動作，常與always，often，usually等副詞連用。如：

    We usually swam in the river when we were children. 孩童時我們常在河里游泳。

    He often came to my help when I was in trouble. 當(dāng)我遇到麻煩時他總是來幫助我。

    應(yīng)該注意，在談到已死的人的情況時，多用一般過去時態(tài)。

    （4）現(xiàn)在完成式

    1）表示過去發(fā)生的動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，但對現(xiàn)在有影響。如：

We have learned 2000 English words by now.

    到現(xiàn)在為止我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了2000個英語單  詞。

    He says he has read the book several times already this year.

    他說今年他已把那本書讀了好幾遍了。

    2）表示過去發(fā)生的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者剛剛結(jié)束，或者還將繼續(xù)下去。如：

    He has been a student for twelve years.

    他當(dāng)學(xué)生已經(jīng)有12年了。

    We have had no news from her, but we are still hoping. 我們沒有得到她的任何消息，但我們還在希望著。

    學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成式應(yīng)注意：

    A．在有already（用于肯定句中），just（用于肯定句中），yet（用于否定或疑問句中），ever（用于疑問句中）這類副詞作狀語時，句子常用完成式。

    B．瞬間動詞的完成式不能和表示一段時

間的詞連用。

    C．瞬間動詞，如 come, become,begin，join,

get up，die等不能表示狀態(tài)，即不能和一個表示一段時間的詞連用；如果要表示一個延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，需要用be來表示。

    D．完成式中時間狀語的表達(dá)方法：

    “for+段時間”，“since+點(diǎn)時間，since+

段時間+ago”，“since+從句（從句謂語用過去

式)”，so far, by far, up till now, by the end of…， before,“in the past/ last+段時間”。

E.“have gone to+地點(diǎn)”表示去了某地，現(xiàn)在不在此地。

“have been to+地點(diǎn)”，表示去過某地，人已經(jīng)回來。

“have been+介詞+地點(diǎn)”，表示來到某地，現(xiàn)在人正在此地。

    F. 由when, if , after, till, as soon as 等引導(dǎo)的從句，以現(xiàn)在完成式代替將來完成式。如：

I will write to you as soon as I have got there.

我一到那兒就給你寫信。

Let’s go out after I have finished my homework.. 我做完作業(yè)咱們出去。

    G．when引導(dǎo)的疑問句一般不用完成式。如：

    When did you come here?

    你什么時候到這里的？

    When will you do your lessons?

你什么時候做功課，

（5）一般將來時態(tài)

    1）to be going to 表示按照安排、計劃、打算要做的事情，或有跡象表明將會發(fā)生的動作。如：

The old men of this village are going to have an outing. 這個村的老人準(zhǔn)備去郊游。

注意:

A,表示去什么地方時,be going to 后面的go不能再出現(xiàn);即to后面直接加地點(diǎn)。

B,  表示天氣將如何變化用be going to 。

Look at these clouds, it looks as if it is going to rain.看那些云，看起來好像要下雨。

    2）will，shall表示預(yù)見或意圖。

A.     shall 用于第一人稱；will用于其它人稱。

B.      在表示帶意愿色彩的將來時態(tài)時，常用will。如：

I will tell you everything next time I meet you.

    下次碰到你我會把一切告訴你的。

    She will turn to her mother when her sister does her wrong.當(dāng)姐姐讓她受委屈時她就求助媽媽。

    C．問對方是否愿意或表示客氣的請求或

命令時，用will。如：

    Will you stay with us for a while?

    你能和我們呆一會嗎？

    Will you please have some more fish?

    請再吃些魚好嗎？

    D．表示建議或征詢對方意見用shall，主語用第一人稱。如：

Shall I wash your clothes now or later?

    我現(xiàn)在給你洗衣服還是以后洗？

    Shall we go to see the film together?

    我們可以一起去看電影嗎？

  注意：在C、D兩項(xiàng)中，表示“一些”的概念時，用some而不用any，即使句子為疑問形式。

    3）“be+不定式”表示按計劃、安排要發(fā)生情況，語氣比be going to要強(qiáng)烈。如：

There is to be a meeting to discuss the matter.

    將安排一個會議來討論這個問題。

    The film is to be shown this Sunday.

    安排這個星期天放映這部電影。

    4）一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來。用于表示時

間，各種時刻表或主句為將來時態(tài)時的時間狀語從向、條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中。如：

    Tom will work steadily until he leaves the store at 6 p.m..

    湯姆努力工作，直到下午6點(diǎn)才離開商店。

    Today is Sunday, tomorrow is Monday.

    今天是星期天，明天是星期一。

    5）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)表將來。一些表示位置移動的動詞如。come，go，arrive，reach, leave, move, start, begin, get, stay等，常用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表將來。如：

    My brother is coming to see me off at the airport. 我哥哥將到機(jī)場送我。

    He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

    他明天將去北京。

    （6）過去進(jìn)行時

    1）表過去某個時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作。如：

    What were you doing at ten yesterday morning.

    昨天早上10點(diǎn)你在干什么？

    When I called him, he was having dinner.

    我給他打電話的時候，他正在吃飯。

    2）表過去兩個動作同時進(jìn)行時，兩個進(jìn)行式連用。如：

He was watching TV while I was reading.

    我在看書時，他在看電視。

    While we were having breakfast, John was talking on the phone.

    我們在吃早飯時，約翰在打電話。

    3）與always，continually，often，usually等副詞連用，表示過去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣。如：

    He was always having breakfast at ten in the morning. 過去他總是在早上10點(diǎn)吃早飯。

    Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 當(dāng)我去看他的時候，他總是爬在桌子上寫東西。

    （7）過去完成式

    1）表截止過去某時為止已完成的事情。

如：

    I had finished my homework before supper yesterday. 昨天晚飯前我已把作業(yè)做完了。

    We. had learned 1000 English words by the end  of last term.到上學(xué)期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了  1000個英語單詞了。

    2）表過去兩個不同時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，先發(fā)生的用過去完成式，后發(fā)生的用一般過去式。如：

    He said he had seen the film the day before.

    他說他前一天看過那部電影了。

    When we arrived at the station we found the train had left. 當(dāng)我們到火車站時我們發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)離開了。

    但when，after，before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，常用過去式代替過去完成式。如：

    Hardly had he left the house when it began to rain.他剛離開家就開始下雨了。

    I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. 我沒走多遠(yuǎn)就趕上他們了。

    3）表過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或計劃，常用   hope，expect, suppose, intend, mean, think, want等。如：

    I had expected to go to college, but I failed in the entrance examination.

我本希望上大學(xué)，但我沒有通過升學(xué)考試。

    I had hoped to come to help you, but I was too busy. 我本打算來幫你，但我太忙了。

    4）no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when連接兩個句子時，先發(fā)生的動作用過去完成式。如：

    Scarcely had he arrived home when a man called to see him. 他剛到家就有人找他。

    No sooner had I left the house than it begin to rain. 我剛離開房子就開始下雨了。

    （8）過去將來時

    表示從過去某一時間看，將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。表示一般將來時態(tài)的五種形式全部可用過去將來時態(tài)。這一時態(tài)常用于賓語從句中，特別是間接引語中。有時還可用來表示“愿望”，多用于否定句，譯為“不肯”，“不會”。如：

    It was raining hard, but none of us would stop working. 雖然雨下得很大，但我們沒有人愿意停止工作。

    At first we were not sure whether we would succeed.開始我們不知道是否會成功。

    2．動詞的語態(tài)

    （1）主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)比較：

    （一般現(xiàn)在）He teaches English. →English

is taught by him.

    （一般過去）He taught English. →English was taught by him.

    （一般將來）He will teach English. →English will be taught by him.

    （現(xiàn)在完成）He has taught English.→English has been taught by him.

（過去完成）He had taught English. → English had been taught by him.

    （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行） He is teaching English. → English is being taught by him.

    （過去進(jìn)行）He was teaching English. → English was being taught by him.

    （過去將來）He would teach English. →English would be taught by him.

    （2）被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：

    1）主動語態(tài)中的主語是people，they，we，

you, one，someone, no ,one等，若泛指人，改為被動語態(tài)時，常被省略。如：

    People in the U.S.A. speak English.

    在美國人們講英語。

    →English is spoken in the U.S.A..

    2）“不及物動詞+介詞+賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)，改為被動語態(tài)時，介詞不能省略。如：

    Li Ping is looking after her mother.

    李萍正在照顧她的母親。

→Her mother is being looked after by Li Ping.

常見的短語動詞還有：ask for, believe in,  care for, call on, deal with, live on ,look for, refer to, write about, speak well of

    3）跟雙賓語的動詞，改為被動語態(tài)時有兩種形式。如：

    Smoking does great harm to health.

    吸煙對健康有害。

→Great harm is done to health by smoking .

→Health is done great harm by smoking.

    4）已被用為表語的過去分詞，其后通常不跟by, 而用at, in, with , about, to等。如：

    That pop star is known to everyone.

    那位名星眾所周知。

    We are surprised at what he has done.

    我們都很驚奇他所做的事情。

    5）祈使句的被動語態(tài)

    A．肯定祈使句

Write a letter to me as soon as possible.

盡快給我來信。

→Let a letter be written to me as soon as possible.

B.否定祈使句

    Don’t speak Chinese in English class.

    英語課上不能說漢語。

→Don’t let Chinese be spoken in English class.

    6）“感官動詞或使投動詞+賓語+動詞原

形”結(jié)構(gòu)，改為被動語態(tài)時，作補(bǔ)語的動詞原形須改為帶to的不定式。如：

    The boss makes the workers work 14 hours a day. 老板讓工人們每天工作14個小時。

→The workers are made to work 14 hours a day.

7）有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子改為被動語態(tài)時，賓語補(bǔ)足語放在動詞之后。如：

The teacher ordered the homework to be finished before six. 老師要求作業(yè)6點(diǎn)前完成。

→The homework was ordered to be finished before six.

    We find the problem very difficult.

→The problem is found difficult.

（3）不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種情況：

    l）賓語是反身代詞時。如：

    John could see himself in the mirror.

    約翰能在鏡子里看到自己。

→Himself could be seen in the mirror.(×)

    2）相互代詞作賓語時。如：

    We should help each other in our lessons.

    學(xué)習(xí)上我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。

→Each other should be helped in our lessons.                              (×)

    3）賓語前有指主格的屬格代詞時。如：

The man nodded his head.那個人點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭。

→His head was nodded by the man.   (×)

4）同源賓語。如：

    He dreamed a terrible dream last night.

    昨晚他做了個可怕的夢。

→A terrible dream was dreamed by him last night.                               (×)

    5）動賓關(guān)系十分密切不可分割的短語。如：

    He didn’t lose heart. 他沒有灰心。

    →Heart was not lost.              (×)

    6）表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞。如：

    Li Tao has a very good health.

    李濤身體很好。

→A very good health is had by Li Tao．                           

                               (×)

    7）非謂語動詞作賓語時。如：

    We should practise speaking English every day. 我們應(yīng)該每天練習(xí)講英語。

→Speaking English should be practised every day.                           (×)

    8）賓語為從句時。如：

    He told me that he will come tomorrow.

    他說他明天來。    →That he will come tomorrow was told to  me.                               (×)