本文主要根據(jù) 斯坦福CS231n課程的Python 教程進(jìn)行整理，原文地址為http://cs231n./python-numpy-tutorial/，官方Python指南網(wǎng)址https://www./doc/

Python是本身是一個(gè)通用的編程語(yǔ)言，但其具有一些庫(kù)（numpy，scipy，matplotlib）用于科學(xué)運(yùn)算，原文的Python的版本是3.5。

本文先進(jìn)行Python的基本介紹（數(shù)據(jù)、容器、函數(shù)、類）然后再介紹Numpy庫(kù)、SciPy庫(kù)以及MatPlotlib庫(kù)的常用方法。

Python基本數(shù)據(jù)類型

1. 整型 int ，浮點(diǎn)型 float （注：Python沒(méi)有i++這種語(yǔ)句，乘方用x**i）
2. 布爾型 booleans （注：Python 使用 and 、or、not替代C語(yǔ)言的&&、||、??；t!=f表示t和f的異或）
3. 字符串型 strings （注：Python中字符串可以用單引號(hào)或雙引號(hào)表示，一些常用的函數(shù)如大小寫、去除空格、字符串替換、空格位置調(diào)整等，去掉空格s.strip()字符串替換s.replace('l','ell')具體使用什么函數(shù)可以現(xiàn)查）

Python容器

• 列表 list，與數(shù)組相同但是可變大?。ㄗⅲ合聵?biāo)從0開始算，與maltab從1開始算不同）

xs = [3, 1, 2]    # Create a list
print(xs, xs[2])  # Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2" 注意小標(biāo)從0開始
print(xs[-1])     # 負(fù)數(shù)下標(biāo)從后往前數(shù); prints "2"
xs[2] = 'foo'     # 列表的元素可以類型不同
print(xs)         # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"
xs.append('bar')  # 增加元素
print(xs)         # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo', 'bar']"
x = xs.pop()      # 刪除最后一個(gè)元素
print(x, xs)      # Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"

切片：list使用中的一個(gè)重要方法（注：切片的下標(biāo)左邊界包含，右邊界不包含，與matlab兩邊界都包含不同）

nums = list(range(5))     # 利用list()函數(shù)生成列表
print(nums)               # Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print(nums[2:4])          # 切片下標(biāo)2到(4-1); prints "[2, 3]"
print(nums[2:])           # 切片下標(biāo)2到最后; prints "[2, 3, 4]"
print(nums[:2])           # 切片開始到下標(biāo)(2-1); prints "[0, 1]"
print(nums[:])            # 切片全部; prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
print(nums[:-1])          # 切片開始到(-1-1); prints "[0, 1, 2, 3]"
nums[2:4] = [8, 9]        # 將下標(biāo)2,3的值替換成8,9
print(nums)               # Prints "[0, 1, 8, 9, 4]"

 列表元素循環(huán)（與matlab相同）

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
for animal in animals:
    print(animal)
# 三行分別打印 cat dog monkey

也可以利用內(nèi)建函數(shù)enumerate(Lists)取得下標(biāo)（從0開始）和元素

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):
    print('#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal))
# Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line

列表解析:一種生成新的列表的方式，舉兩個(gè)例子

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums]
print(squares)   # Prints [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
even_squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]
print(even_squares)  # Prints "[0, 4, 16]"

• 字典 dictionaries,存儲(chǔ)鍵值對(duì)(key,value)

d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'}  # Create a new dictionary with some data
print(d['cat'])       # Get an entry from a dictionary; prints "cute"
print('cat' in d)     # Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True"
d['fish'] = 'wet'     # Set an entry in a dictionary
print(d['fish'])      # Prints "wet"
# print(d['monkey'])  # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of d
print(d.get('monkey', 'N/A'))  # Get an element with a default; prints "N/A"
print(d.get('fish', 'N/A'))    # Get an element with a default; prints "wet"
del d['fish']         # Remove an element from a dictionary
print(d.get('fish', 'N/A')) # "fish" is no longer a key; prints "N/A"

字典循環(huán)

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
for animal in d:
    legs = d[animal]
    print('A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs))
# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A cat has 4 legs", "A spider has 8 legs"

也可以利用內(nèi)建函數(shù)d.items()取得鍵和值

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
for animal, legs in d.items():
    print('A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs))
# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A cat has 4 legs", "A spider has 8 legs"

字典解析，利用表達(dá)式生成字典

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
even_num_to_square = {x: x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0}
print(even_num_to_square)  # Prints "{0: 0, 2: 4, 4: 16}"

• 集合sets（注:集合中元素?zé)o序且不重復(fù)）

animals = {'cat', 'dog'}
print('cat' in animals)   # Check if an element is in a set; prints "True"
print('fish' in animals)  # prints "False"
animals.add('fish')       # Add an element to a set
print('fish' in animals)  # Prints "True"
print(len(animals))       # Number of elements in a set; prints "3"
animals.add('cat')        # Adding an element that is already in the set does nothing
print(len(animals))       # Prints "3"
animals.remove('cat')     # Remove an element from a set
print(len(animals))       # Prints "2"

集合循環(huán)，與數(shù)組循環(huán)語(yǔ)法相同，但是注意其無(wú)序性。

animals = {'cat', 'dog', 'fish'}
for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):
    print('#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal))
# Prints "#1: fish", "#2: dog", "#3: cat"

集合解析：利用解析表達(dá)式生成集合

from math import sqrt
nums = {int(sqrt(x)) for x in range(30)}
print(nums)  # Prints "{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}"

• 元組 tuple，與數(shù)組類似，但其實(shí)不可變的列表，因此可以作為字典dictionary中的鍵key或集合set的元素（注：列表由于可變無(wú)法成為dictionary的key和set的元素）

d = {(x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)}  # Create a dictionary with tuple keys
t = (5, 6)        # Create a tuple
print(type(t))    # Prints "<class 'tuple'>"
print(d[t])       # Prints "5"
print(d[(1, 2)])  # Prints "1"

Python函數(shù)

利用關(guān)鍵字def，返回使用return

def sign(x):
    if x > 0:
        return 'positive'
    elif x < 0:
        return 'negative'
    else:
        return 'zero'
for x in [-1, 0, 1]:
    print(sign(x))
# Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"

參數(shù)可以使可選的的例子

def hello(name, loud=False):
    if loud:
        print('HELLO, %s!' % name.upper())
    else:
        print('Hello, %s' % name)
hello('Bob') # Prints "Hello, Bob"
hello('Fred', loud=True)  # Prints "HELLO, FRED!"

Python類

定義類的Python語(yǔ)法的格式如下

class Greeter(object):
    # Constructor
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name  # Create an instance variable
    # Instance method
    def greet(self, loud=False):
        if loud:
            print('HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper())
        else:
            print('Hello, %s' % self.name)
g = Greeter('Fred')  # 構(gòu)造Greeter類的實(shí)例
g.greet()            # 調(diào)用類函數(shù)；prints "Hello, Fred"
g.greet(loud=True)   # 調(diào)用類函數(shù); prints "HELLO, FRED!"

Numpy

numpy庫(kù)用于python科學(xué)計(jì)算，與matlab有相似之處，其核心是對(duì)數(shù)組arrays的操作。

數(shù)組arrays

數(shù)組array是numpy提供的容器，能夠通過(guò)列表list生成，利用方括號(hào)取元素（注：下標(biāo)從0開始）

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])   # Create a rank 1 array
print(type(a))            # Prints "<class 'numpy.ndarray'>"
print(a.shape)            # Prints "(3,)"
print(a[0], a[1], a[2])   # Prints "1 2 3"
a[0] = 5                  # Change an element of the array
print(a)                  # Prints "[5, 2, 3]"
b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])    # Create a rank 2 array
print(b.shape)                     # Prints "(2, 3)"
print(b[0, 0], b[0, 1], b[1, 0])   # Prints "1 2 4"

與matlab類似，numpy提供了一些生成特殊數(shù)組的函數(shù)

import numpy as np
a = np.zeros((2,2))   # Create an array of all zeros
print(a)              # Prints "[[ 0.  0.]
                      #          [ 0.  0.]]"
b = np.ones((1,2))    # Create an array of all ones
print(b)              # Prints "[[ 1.  1.]]"
c = np.full((2,2), 7)  # Create a constant array
print(c)               # Prints "[[ 7.  7.]
                       #          [ 7.  7.]]"
d = np.eye(2)         # Create a 2x2 identity matrix
print(d)              # Prints "[[ 1.  0.]
                      #          [ 0.  1.]]"
e = np.random.random((2,2))  # Create an array filled with random values
print(e)                     # Might print "[[ 0.91940167  0.08143941]
                             #               [ 0.68744134  0.87236687]]"

數(shù)組切片，利用方括號(hào)內(nèi)的逗號(hào)和冒號(hào)對(duì)每個(gè)維度進(jìn)行索引，基本與matlab相同（注：左包括右不包括）

import numpy as np
# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)
# [[ 1  2  3  4]
#  [ 5  6  7  8]
#  [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])
# Use slicing to pull out the subarray consisting of the first 2 rows
# and columns 1 and 2; b is the following array of shape (2, 2):
# [[2 3]
#  [6 7]]
b = a[:2, 1:3]
# A slice of an array is a view into the same data, so modifying it
# will modify the original array.
print(a[0, 1])   # Prints "2"
b[0, 0] = 77     # b[0, 0] is the same piece of data as a[0, 1]
print(a[0, 1])   # Prints "77"

與matlab不同的是，切片時(shí)使用單個(gè)數(shù)字索引和使用冒號(hào)的索引的結(jié)果維度是不同的，例如

import numpy as np
# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)
# [[ 1  2  3  4]
#  [ 5  6  7  8]
#  [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])
# Two ways of accessing the data in the middle row of the array.
# Mixing integer indexing with slices yields an array of lower rank,
# while using only slices yields an array of the same rank as the
# original array:
row_r1 = a[1, :]    # Rank 1 view of the second row of a
row_r2 = a[1:2, :]  # Rank 2 view of the second row of a
print(row_r1, row_r1.shape)  # Prints "[5 6 7 8] (4,)"
print(row_r2, row_r2.shape)  # Prints "[[5 6 7 8]] (1, 4)"
# We can make the same distinction when accessing columns of an array:
col_r1 = a[:, 1]
col_r2 = a[:, 1:2]
print(col_r1, col_r1.shape)  # Prints "[ 2  6 10] (3,)"
print(col_r2, col_r2.shape)  # Prints "[[ 2]
                             #          [ 6]
                             #          [10]] (3, 1)"

這里有一個(gè)較為奇怪的整數(shù)索引的方式，但這種表達(dá)方便創(chuàng)建數(shù)組。

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
# An example of integer array indexing.
# The returned array will have shape (3,) and
print(a[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 0]])  # Prints "[1 4 5]"
# The above example of integer array indexing is equivalent to this:
print(np.array([a[0, 0], a[1, 1], a[2, 0]]))  # Prints "[1 4 5]"
# When using integer array indexing, you can reuse the same
# element from the source array:
print(a[[0, 0], [1, 1]])  # Prints "[2 2]"
# Equivalent to the previous integer array indexing example
print(np.array([a[0, 1], a[0, 1]]))  # Prints "[2 2]"

# Create a new array from which we will select elements
a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
print(a)  # prints "array([[ 1,  2,  3],
          #                [ 4,  5,  6],
          #                [ 7,  8,  9],
          #                [10, 11, 12]])"
# Create an array of indices
b = np.array([0, 2, 0, 1])
# Select one element from each row of a using the indices in b
print(a[np.arange(4), b])  # Prints "[ 1  6  7 11]"
# Mutate one element from each row of a using the indices in b
a[np.arange(4), b] += 10
print(a)  # prints "array([[11,  2,  3],
          #                [ 4,  5, 16],
          #                [17,  8,  9],
          #                [10, 21, 12]])

利用布爾表達(dá)式進(jìn)行索引

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
bool_idx = (a > 2)   # Find the elements of a that are bigger than 2;
                     # this returns a numpy array of Booleans of the same
                     # shape as a, where each slot of bool_idx tells
                     # whether that element of a is > 2.
print(bool_idx)      # Prints "[[False False]
                     #          [ True  True]
                     #          [ True  True]]"
# We use boolean array indexing to construct a rank 1 array
# consisting of the elements of a corresponding to the True values
# of bool_idx
print(a[bool_idx])  # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"
# We can do all of the above in a single concise statement:
print(a[a > 2])     # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"

關(guān)于數(shù)組的索引就只介紹一小部分，當(dāng)有需要時(shí)請(qǐng)查看官方文檔深入學(xué)習(xí)。https://docs./doc/numpy/reference/arrays.indexing.html

數(shù)組的元素類型可以根據(jù)需求進(jìn)行定義

import numpy as np
x = np.array([1, 2])   # Let numpy choose the datatype
print(x.dtype)         # Prints "int64"
x = np.array([1.0, 2.0])   # Let numpy choose the datatype
print(x.dtype)             # Prints "float64"
x = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int64)   # Force a particular datatype
print(x.dtype)                         # Prints "int64"

array的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算，(注意與matlab不同，乘除法是每一個(gè)位置的元素乘除法，不是矩陣運(yùn)算)

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)
y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]], dtype=np.float64)
# Elementwise sum; both produce the array
# [[ 6.0  8.0]
#  [10.0 12.0]]
print(x + y)
print(np.add(x, y))
# Elementwise difference; both produce the array
# [[-4.0 -4.0]
#  [-4.0 -4.0]]
print(x - y)
print(np.subtract(x, y))
# Elementwise product; both produce the array
# [[ 5.0 12.0]
#  [21.0 32.0]]
print(x * y)
print(np.multiply(x, y))
# Elementwise division; both produce the array
# [[ 0.2         0.33333333]
#  [ 0.42857143  0.5       ]]
print(x / y)
print(np.divide(x, y))
# Elementwise square root; produces the array
# [[ 1.          1.41421356]
#  [ 1.73205081  2.        ]]
print(np.sqrt(x))

矩陣乘法采用dot

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]])
v = np.array([9,10])
w = np.array([11, 12])
# Inner product of vectors; both produce 219
print(v.dot(w))
print(np.dot(v, w))
# Matrix / vector product; both produce the rank 1 array [29 67]
print(x.dot(v))
print(np.dot(x, v))
# Matrix / matrix product; both produce the rank 2 array
# [[19 22]
#  [43 50]]
print(x.dot(y))
print(np.dot(x, y))

一些有用的矩陣運(yùn)算方法，例如sum

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
print(np.sum(x))  # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"
print(np.sum(x, axis=0))  # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"
print(np.sum(x, axis=1))  # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"

當(dāng)需要使用某些函數(shù)時(shí)，進(jìn)行搜索https://docs./doc/numpy/reference/routines.math.html

矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
print(x)    # Prints "[[1 2]
            #          [3 4]]"
print(x.T)  # Prints "[[1 3]
            #          [2 4]]"
# Note that taking the transpose of a rank 1 array does nothing:
v = np.array([1,2,3])
print(v)    # Prints "[1 2 3]"
print(v.T)  # Prints "[1 2 3]"

廣播機(jī)制：numpy中一個(gè)重要而有用的機(jī)制，可以將小的矩陣進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展后與大矩陣進(jìn)行運(yùn)算，省for循環(huán)，提高運(yùn)算速度。

import numpy as np
# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
y = np.empty_like(x)   # Create an empty matrix with the same shape as x
# Add the vector v to each row of the matrix x with an explicit loop
for i in range(4):
    y[i, :] = x[i, :] + v
# Now y is the following
# [[ 2  2  4]
#  [ 5  5  7]
#  [ 8  8 10]
#  [11 11 13]]
print(y)

import numpy as np
# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
vv = np.tile(v, (4, 1))   # Stack 4 copies of v on top of each other
print(vv)                 # Prints "[[1 0 1]
                          #          [1 0 1]
                          #          [1 0 1]
                          #          [1 0 1]]"
y = x + vv  # Add x and vv elementwise
print(y)  # Prints "[[ 2  2  4
          #          [ 5  5  7]
          #          [ 8  8 10]
          #          [11 11 13]]"

還能更加簡(jiǎn)潔

import numpy as np
# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
y = x + v  # Add v to each row of x using broadcasting
print(y)  # Prints "[[ 2  2  4]
          #          [ 5  5  7]
          #          [ 8  8 10]
          #          [11 11 13]]"

我們整理一些廣播broadcasting的規(guī)則：

1、兩個(gè)數(shù)組的維數(shù)不相同，低維度的擴(kuò)展維度

2、兩個(gè)數(shù)組在某個(gè)維度上size相同或小的size是1

3、廣播相當(dāng)于沿著size為1的地方進(jìn)行復(fù)制

下面用例子來(lái)展示一下廣播

import numpy as np
# Compute outer product of vectors
v = np.array([1,2,3])  # v has shape (3,)
w = np.array([4,5])    # w has shape (2,)
# To compute an outer product, we first reshape v to be a column
# vector of shape (3, 1); we can then broadcast it against w to yield
# an output of shape (3, 2), which is the outer product of v and w:
# [[ 4  5]
#  [ 8 10]
#  [12 15]]
print(np.reshape(v, (3, 1)) * w)
# Add a vector to each row of a matrix
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
# x has shape (2, 3) and v has shape (3,) so they broadcast to (2, 3),
# giving the following matrix:
# [[2 4 6]
#  [5 7 9]]
print(x + v)
# Add a vector to each column of a matrix
# x has shape (2, 3) and w has shape (2,).
# If we transpose x then it has shape (3, 2) and can be broadcast
# against w to yield a result of shape (3, 2); transposing this result
# yields the final result of shape (2, 3) which is the matrix x with
# the vector w added to each column. Gives the following matrix:
# [[ 5  6  7]
#  [ 9 10 11]]
print((x.T + w).T)
# Another solution is to reshape w to be a column vector of shape (2, 1);
# we can then broadcast it directly against x to produce the same
# output.
print(x + np.reshape(w, (2, 1)))
# Multiply a matrix by a constant:
# x has shape (2, 3). Numpy treats scalars as arrays of shape ();
# these can be broadcast together to shape (2, 3), producing the
# following array:
# [[ 2  4  6]
#  [ 8 10 12]]
print(x * 2)

更多關(guān)于Numpy的內(nèi)容，請(qǐng)看官方文件http://docs./doc/numpy/reference/

SciPy

SciPy庫(kù)基于Numpy庫(kù)，提供了許多操作數(shù)組array的函數(shù)，官方文件http://docs./doc/scipy/reference/index.html

圖片操作

from scipy.misc import imread, imsave, imresize
# Read an JPEG image into a numpy array
img = imread('assets/cat.jpg')
print(img.dtype, img.shape)  # Prints "uint8 (400, 248, 3)"
# We can tint the image by scaling each of the color channels
# by a different scalar constant. The image has shape (400, 248, 3);
# we multiply it by the array [1, 0.95, 0.9] of shape (3,);
# numpy broadcasting means that this leaves the red channel unchanged,
# and multiplies the green and blue channels by 0.95 and 0.9
# respectively.
img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]
# Resize the tinted image to be 300 by 300 pixels.
img_tinted = imresize(img_tinted, (300, 300))
# Write the tinted image back to disk
imsave('assets/cat_tinted.jpg', img_tinted)

讀寫matlab文件

scipy.io.loadmat 與scipy.io.savemat，用到請(qǐng)看http://docs./doc/scipy/reference/io.html

’計(jì)算點(diǎn)間距離

import numpy as np
from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform
# Create the following array where each row is a point in 2D space:
# [[0 1]
#  [1 0]
#  [2 0]]
x = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0], [2, 0]])
print(x)
# Compute the Euclidean distance between all rows of x.
# d[i, j] is the Euclidean distance between x[i, :] and x[j, :],
# and d is the following array:
# [[ 0.          1.41421356  2.23606798]
#  [ 1.41421356  0.          1.        ]
#  [ 2.23606798  1.          0.        ]]
d = squareform(pdist(x, 'euclidean'))
print(d)

Matplotlib

matplotlib.pyplot的作圖模塊，與matlab中的使用類似

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on a sine curve
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y = np.sin(x)
# Plot the points using matplotlib
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()  # You must call plt.show() to make graphics appear.

多條曲線、圖標(biāo)題、圖例、坐標(biāo)等

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y_sin = np.sin(x)
y_cos = np.cos(x)
# Plot the points using matplotlib
plt.plot(x, y_sin)
plt.plot(x, y_cos)
plt.xlabel('x axis label')
plt.ylabel('y axis label')
plt.title('Sine and Cosine')
plt.legend(['Sine', 'Cosine'])
plt.show()

與matlab相同，利用subplot分區(qū)域作圖

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y_sin = np.sin(x)
y_cos = np.cos(x)
# Set up a subplot grid that has height 2 and width 1,
# and set the first such subplot as active.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
# Make the first plot
plt.plot(x, y_sin)
plt.title('Sine')
# Set the second subplot as active, and make the second plot.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(x, y_cos)
plt.title('Cosine')
# Show the figure.
plt.show()

顯示圖像

import numpy as np
from scipy.misc import imread, imresize
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
img = imread('assets/cat.jpg')
img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]
# Show the original image
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.imshow(img)
# Show the tinted image
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
# A slight gotcha with imshow is that it might give strange results
# if presented with data that is not uint8. To work around this, we
# explicitly cast the image to uint8 before displaying it.
plt.imshow(np.uint8(img_tinted))
plt.show()