hello大家好，我是達(dá)達(dá)。你善于賺錢嗎？工作能力強嗎？心理學(xué)研究表明，我們并不擅長準(zhǔn)確地評估自己。事實上，我們經(jīng)常高估自己的能力。Are you as good at things as you think you are? How good are you at managing money? What about reading people's emotions? How healthy are you compared to other people you know?你的能力是否與想象中的一樣好？你的理財能力有多強？你的解讀情感能力有多好？與熟人相比，你有多健康？Are you better than average at grammar? Knowing how competent we are and how are skill stack up against other people's is more than a self-esteem boost.你的文法高于平均水平嗎？了解自己的能力以及對比自己與別人能力，不僅僅能夠提升自尊。It helps us figure out when we can forge ahead on our own decisions and instincts and when we need, instead, to seek out advice.它幫助我們確定何時可以憑著感覺走，何時需要尋求建議。But psychological research suggests that we're not very good at evaluating ourselves accurately.但是心理學(xué)研究表明我們并不善于準(zhǔn)確評價自己。In fact, we frequently overestimate our own abilities. Researchers have a name for this phenomena, the Dunning-Kruger effect.事實上，我們經(jīng)常高估自己的能力。研究人員將這種現(xiàn)象命名，稱為鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)。This effect explains why more than 100 studies have shown that people display illusory superiority. We judge ourselves as better than others to a degree that violates the laws of math.此效應(yīng)解析了為什么有100多項研究表明，人們有虛幻的優(yōu)越性。我們認(rèn)為自己比別人好，這在某種程度上甚至違反了數(shù)學(xué)定律。When software engineers at two companies were asked to rate their performance, 32% of the engineers at one company and 42% at the other put themselves in the top 5%.兩個公司的軟件工程師被要求進行自我評定，兩家公司分別有 32%和42%的工程師把自己排在前5%。In another study, 88% of American drivers described themselves as having above average driving skills.在另一項研究中，88%的美國司機自認(rèn)為具有高于平均水平的駕駛技能。These aren't isolated findings. On average, people tend to rate themselves better than most in disciplines ranging from health, leadership skills, ethics, and beyond.這些并不是特例。平均來說，人們傾向于認(rèn)為自己比大多數(shù)人更優(yōu)秀，這表現(xiàn)在健康情況、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能 、道德水平和其他領(lǐng)域。What's particularly interesting is that those with the least ability are often the most likely to overrate their skills to the greatest extent.特別有趣的在于能力越低的人越容易最大程度地高估自己的技能。People measurably poor at logical reasoning, grammar, financial knowledge, math, emotional intelligence, running medical lab tests, and chess all tend to rate their expertise almost as favorably as actual experts do.在邏輯推理、文法、金融知識、數(shù)學(xué)、情商、做醫(yī)學(xué)實驗、國際象棋等方面，分?jǐn)?shù)低的人都傾向于認(rèn)為 自己與真正的專家能力相當(dāng)。So who's most vulnerable to this delusion? Sadly, all of us because we all have pockets of incompetence we don't recognize.那么，究竟誰最容易受這種錯覺的影響呢？可悲的是，答案是所有人，因為我們都有自己意識不到的不擅長領(lǐng)域。But why? When psychologists Dunning and Kruger first described the effect in 1999,但為什么呢？1999年心理學(xué)家鄧寧和克魯格首次描述了這種效應(yīng)，they argued that people lacking knowledge and skill in particular areas suffer a double curse.他們認(rèn)為缺乏特定領(lǐng)域知識和技能的人遭受雙重困境。First, they make mistakes and reach poor decisions. But second, those same knowledge gaps also prevent them from catching their errors.第一，他們會犯錯誤并做出糟糕的決定。第二，這種知識欠缺也會阻礙他們發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤。In other words, poor performers lack the very expertise needed to recognize how badly they're doing.換句話說， 表現(xiàn)不佳的人缺乏所需的專業(yè)知識，因此無法認(rèn)識到自己做得多么糟糕。For example, when the researchers studied participants in a college debate tournament, the bottom 25% of teams in preliminary rounds lost nearly four out of every five matches.舉例來說，對大學(xué)辯論賽的參賽者進行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在預(yù)賽中排在倒數(shù)25%的隊員在每五場比賽中失敗了近四場。But they thought they were winning almost 60%. WIthout a strong grasp of the rules of debate,但他們卻認(rèn)為自己贏了近60%的比賽。這些學(xué)生們沒有扎實掌握辯論規(guī)則，the students simply couldn't recognize when or how often their arguments broke down.因此他們根本分不清自己的論點在何時被推翻或是多少次被推翻。The Dunning-Kruger effect isn't a question of ego blinding us to our weaknesses.鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)并不是說自我意識讓我們看不到自身弱點。People usually do admit their deficits once they can spot them. In one study, students who had initially done badly on a logic quiz and then took a mini course on logic were quite willing to label their original performances as awful.人們一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的弱點通常都會承認(rèn)這些問題。在一項研究中，一些學(xué)生起初在邏輯測驗中表現(xiàn)不好，在參加了一些小型邏輯課程后，他們欣然承認(rèn)原來的表現(xiàn)糟透了。That may be why people with a moderate amount of experience or expertise often have less confidence in their abilities.這也許就是為何，擁有些許經(jīng)驗或?qū)I(yè)知識的人往往對自己的能力信心不足。They know enough to know that there's a lot they don't know. Meanwhile, experts tend to be aware of just how knowledgeable they are.他們清楚地知道自己還有很多不了解的事情。與此同時，專家們往往能意識到自己知識多么淵博。But they often make a different mistake: they assume that everyone else is knowledgeable, too.但他們經(jīng)常犯另一個錯誤：那就是，他們假定其他人同樣知識淵博。The result is that people, whether they're inept or highly skilled, are often caught in a bubble of inaccurate self-perception.結(jié)果就是，無論是笨拙還是技藝精湛，人們經(jīng)常不能準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)知自我。When they're unskilled, they can't see their own faults. When they're exceptionally competent,當(dāng)他們不擅長某事的時候，他們看不到自己的缺點。當(dāng)他們異常能干的時候，they don't perceive how unusual their abilities are. So if the Dunning-Kruger effect is invisible to those experiencing it,他們不知道自己的能力有多不尋常。對于正在經(jīng)歷鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)卻不自知的人來說，what can you do to find out how good you actually are at various things?First, ask for feedback from other people, and consider it, even if it's hard to hear.首先，要尋求別人的反饋，即使它并不動聽，也要仔細(xì)考慮。Second, and more important, keep learning. The more knowledgeable we become, the less likely we are to have invisible holes in our competence.其次，更重要的是不斷學(xué)習(xí)。我們了解的知識越多，那些隱藏的能力缺陷就會越少。Perhaps it all boils down to that old proverb: When arguing with a fool, first make sure the other person isn't doing the same thing.也許一切都?xì)w結(jié)為那句古老的諺語：當(dāng)和傻瓜辯論時，首先要確定對方是否也在做同樣的事。Remark：一切權(quán)益歸TED所有，更多TED相關(guān)信息可至官網(wǎng)www.ted.com查詢！
你說你喜歡風(fēng)，但是你在刮風(fēng)的時候關(guān)上了窗
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