C -入門語法(五)

印度阿三17 2019-10-26

展開全文

仿函數（函數對象）

仿函數：將一個對象當作一個函數一樣來使用
對比普通函數，它作為對象可以保存狀態(tài)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//int sum(int a, int b) {
//	return a   b;
//}

class Sum {
	int m_age;
public:
	Sum(int age) :m_age(age) { }
	int operator()(int a, int b) {
		if (this->m_age > 10) {
		}
		else {
		}
		return a   b;
	}
};

class Point {
	friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &, const Point &);
public:
	int m_x;
	int m_y;
	Point(int x, int y) :m_x(x), m_y(y) { }


};

// output stream
ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, const Point &point) {
	return cout << "(" << point.m_x << ", " << point.m_y << ")";
}

// input stream
istream &operator>>(istream &cin, Point &point) {
	return cin >> point.m_x >> point.m_y;
}

int main() {
	Point p1(10, 20);
	cin >> p1;
	cout << p1 << endl;

	// Sum sum(20);

	// cout << sum(10, 20) << endl;
	// cout << sum.operator()(10, 20) << endl;
	getchar();
	getchar();
	return 0;
}

運算符重載注意點

有些運算符不可以被重載，比如
- 對象成員訪問運算符：
- 域運算符：::
- 三目運算符：?:
- sizeof
有些運算符只能重載為成員函數，比如
- 賦值運算符：=
- 下標運算符：[ ]
- 函數運算符：( )
- 指針訪問成員：->

模板（template）

泛型，是一種將類型參數化以達到代碼復用的技術，C 中使用模板來實現泛型
模板的使用格式如下
- template <typename\class T>
- typename和class是等價的
模板沒有被使用時，是不會被實例化出來的
模板的聲明和實現如果分離到.h和.cpp中，會導致鏈接錯誤
一般將模板的聲明和實現統(tǒng)一放到一個.hpp文件中

模板-Array

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <class Item>
class Array {
	friend ostream &operator<<<>(ostream &, const Array<Item> &);
	int m_size = 0;
	int m_capacity = 0;
	Item *m_data = NULL;
public:
	Array(int capacity);
	~Array();
	void add(Item value);
	Item get(int index);
	int size();
	Item operator[](int index);
	void display();
};

template <class Item>
Array<Item>::Array(int capacity) {
	if (capacity <= 0) return;

	this->m_data = new Item[capacity]{};
	this->m_capacity = capacity;
}

template <class Item>
Array<Item>::~Array() {
	if (!this->m_data) return;

	delete[] this->m_data;
	this->m_data = NULL;
}

template <class Item>
void Array<Item>::add(Item value) {
	if (this->m_size == this->m_capacity) {
		// 擴容
		cout << "數組已滿" << endl;
		return;
	}
	this->m_data[this->m_size  ] = value;
}

template <class Item>
Item Array<Item>::get(int index) {
	if (index < 0 || index >= this->m_size) return 0;
	return this->m_data[index];
}

template <class Item>
int Array<Item>::size() {
	return this->m_size;
}

template <class Item>
Item Array<Item>::operator[](int index) {
	return get(index);
}

template <class Item>
void Array<Item>::display() {
	cout << "[";
	for (int i = 0; i < this->m_size; i  ) {
		cout << this->m_data[i];
		if (i != this->m_size - 1) {
			cout << ", ";
		}
	}
	cout << "]" << endl;
}

template <class Item>
ostream &operator<<<>(ostream &cout, const Array<Item> &array) {
	cout << "[";
	for (int i = 0; i < array.m_size; i  ) {
		cout << array.m_data[i];
		if (i != array.m_size - 1) {
			cout << ", ";
		}
	}
	return cout << "]";
}

#include <iostream>
#include "Array.hpp"
using namespace std;

//template <class Item> 
//class Array {
//	// friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &, const Array &);
//	int m_size = 0;
//	int m_capacity = 0;
//	Item *m_data = NULL;
//public:
//	Array(int capacity) {
//		if (capacity <= 0) return;
//
//		this->m_data = new Item[capacity] {};
//		this->m_capacity = capacity;
//	}
//
//	~Array() {
//		if (!this->m_data) return;
//
//		delete[] this->m_data;
//		this->m_data = NULL;
//	}
//
//	void add(Item value) {
//		if (this->m_size == this->m_capacity) {
//			// 擴容
//			cout << "數組已滿" << endl;
//			return;
//		}
//		this->m_data[this->m_size  ] = value;
//	}
//
//	Item get(int index) {
//		if (index < 0 || index >= this->m_size) return 0;
//		return this->m_data[index];
//	}
//
//	int size() {
//		return this->m_size;
//	}
//
//	Item operator[](int index) {
//		return get(index);
//	}
//
//	void display() {
//		cout << "[";
//		for (int i = 0; i < this->m_size; i  ) {
//			cout << this->m_data[i];
//			if (i != this->m_size - 1) {
//				cout << ", ";
//			}
//		}
//		cout << "]" << endl;
//	}
//};

//ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, const Array &array) {
//	cout << "[";
//	for (int i = 0; i < array.m_size; i  ) {
//		cout << array.m_data[i];
//		if (i != array.m_size - 1) {
//			cout << ", ";
//		}
//	}
//	return cout << "]";
//}

class Person {
	friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &, const Person &);
	int m_age;
public:
	Person(int age = 0) :m_age(age) { }
};

ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, const Person &person) {
	return cout << "age=" << person.m_age;
}

int main() {
	/*Array<Person *> array(3);
	array.add(new Person(11));
	array.add(new Person(12));
	array.add(new Person(13));
	array.display();*/

	Array<Person> array(3);
	array.add(Person(11));
	array.add(Person(12));
	array.add(Person(13));
	// array.display();

	cout << array << endl;

	/*Array<int> array(5);
	array.add(11);
	array.add(22);
	array.add(33);
	array.add(44);
	array.add(55);
	array.display();

	Array<double> array2(3);
	array2.add(10.8);
	array2.add(10.9);
	array2.add(10.4);
	array2.display();*/

	// cout << array << endl;

	/*Array array;
	array.add(10);
	array.add(20);
	array.add(11);
	array.add(22);

	array.get(2);
	array[2];

	array.size() == 4;

	array.remove(3);
	array.insert(1, 30);*/

	getchar();
	return 0;
}

#include "Swap.h"



//void swapValues(int &v1, int &v2) {
//	int tmp = v1;
//	v1 = v2;
//	v2 = tmp;
//}
//
//void swapValues(double &v1, double &v2) {
//	double tmp = v1;
//	v1 = v2;
//	v2 = tmp;
//}

#pragma once

// template <class T> void swapValues(T &v1, T &v2);

template <class T> 
void swapValues(T &v1, T &v2) {
	T tmp = v1;
	v1 = v2;
	v2 = tmp;
}

//void swapValues(int &v1, int &v2);
//void swapValues(double &v1, double &v2);

#pragma once

template <class T> void swapValues(T &v1, T &v2) {
	T tmp = v1;
	v1 = v2;
	v2 = tmp;
}


#include <iostream>
#include "Swap.hpp"
using namespace std;

void test() {
	double a = 20.8;
	double b = 30.4;
	swapValues(a, b); 
	cout << "test() a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
}

類型轉換

C語言風格的類型轉換符
- (type)expression
- type(expression)
C 中有4個類型轉換符
- static_cast
- dynamic_cast
- reinterpret_cast
- const_cast
- 使用格式：xx_cast(expression)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Person {
public:
	int m_age;
	virtual void run() { }
};

class Student : public Person {
public:
	int m_score;
};

class Car {

};

void test1const_cast() {
	const Person *p1 = new Person();

	Person *p2 = const_cast<Person *>(p1);
	Person *p3 = (Person *)p1;


	p2->m_age = 20;
	p3->m_age = 30;

	cout << p1->m_age << endl;
}

void test2dynamic_cast() {
	Person *p1 = new Person();
	Person *p2 = new Student();

	/*Student *stu1 = (Student *) p1;
	Student *stu2 = (Student *) p2;
	Car *car = (Car *) p2;*/

	Student *stu1 = dynamic_cast<Student *>(p1);
	Student *stu2 = dynamic_cast<Student *>(p2);
	Car *car = dynamic_cast<Car *>(p2);

	cout << stu1 << endl;
	cout << stu2 << endl;
	cout << car << endl;
}

void test3static_cast() {
	Person *p1 = new Person();
	Person *p2 = new Student();

	Student *stu1 = static_cast<Student *>(p1);
	Student *stu2 = static_cast<Student *>(p2);

	int i = 10;
	double d = i;

	cout << stu1 << endl;
	cout << stu2 << endl;
}

int main() {
	/*int a = 10;

	double d1 = (double) a;
	double d2 = double(a);

	cout << d1 << endl;
	cout << d2 << endl;*/

	/*Person *p1 = new Person();
	Person *p2 = new Student();

	Student *stu1 = reinterpret_cast<Student *>(p1);
	Student *stu2 = reinterpret_cast<Student *>(p2);
	Car *car = reinterpret_cast<Car *>(p2);

	cout << p1 << endl;
	cout << p2 << endl;
	cout << p2 << endl;

	cout << stu1 << endl;
	cout << stu2 << endl;
	cout << car << endl;*/


	//// 0a 00 00 00
	//int i = 10;
	//// 00 00 00 00 00 00 24 40
	//double d = i;

	//double d1 = 10.0;
	//int i1 = d1;

	// 0a 00 00 00
	// int i = 10;
	// 0a 00 00 00 cc cc cc cc 
	// double d = reinterpret_cast<double&>(i);
	// cout << i << endl;
	// cout << d << endl;



	/*int *p = reinterpret_cast<int *>(100);
	int i = reinterpret_cast<int>(p);*/

	//cout << "i = " << i << endl;
	//cout << "d = " << d << endl;

	//cout << sizeof(i) << endl;
	//cout << sizeof(d) << endl;

	getchar();
	return 0;
}

來源：https://www./content-1-524301.html