關(guān)系代詞

關(guān)系代詞代表先行詞，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分。關(guān)系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分，并有指人與指物之分，它在先行詞和定語(yǔ)之間起紐帶作用。

關(guān)系代詞有哪些?

主要的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which和that。

①who指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);

whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ);

whose在定語(yǔ) 從句中作定語(yǔ)，其先行詞既可以是人也可以是物。

例如：The teacher who/whom you want to see has come.

②which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。

例如：Here is the coat which will be made to you.

③that多指物，有時(shí)也指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。

例如：I have eaten bread that/which he gave to me.

關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：

(1)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系代詞代表先行詞，同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分，例如：

The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。

(2)which為其先行詞。

例如：He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他說(shuō)在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。

(3)其他用法

關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略， 例如：

I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我過(guò)去懂拉丁語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。

He's changed. He's not the man he was.他變化很大，已不是過(guò)去的他了。

注釋：關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略，that在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)也可省略。

非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用that作關(guān)系代詞。

關(guān)系代詞的特殊用法

1.常用that，不用which的情況:

①先行詞為all, anything, everything, nothing, something等時(shí)。

I will do all (that) I can to help you.

②先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或the only, the very等所修飾時(shí)。

He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.

③先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)

They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.

④當(dāng)主句是以who 或which開頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句用that 引導(dǎo), 以避免重復(fù)。

Who is the boy that was here just now?

2. 若被修飾的名詞充當(dāng)從句介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

介詞可提前于引導(dǎo)詞之前,此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)詞只能用whom 或which.

The pencil with which he was writing broke.

3. 當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)

其后的定語(yǔ)從句用in which或 that引導(dǎo),也可不用引導(dǎo)詞。

I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.

4.不用that的情況

在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，介詞后不能用that。如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.

5.只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

a.在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

b.在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。

c.先行詞有the only, the very.(恰恰，正好).any. few. little. no. all 修飾時(shí)，只用that。

d.先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。

e.先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。

6.不能用關(guān)系代詞Which的幾種情況

a.當(dāng)先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which.

There are few books that you can read in this book store.

b.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.

He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.

c.當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which.

Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.

d.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.

The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.

e.當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.

It is the only book that he bought himself.

f.當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.

There is no clothes that fit you here.

g.當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.

Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?

h.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型' It is ... that ...' 中,只用that,不用which.

It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.

i.在' such (the same) ... as ...' 句型中,關(guān)系代詞要用as, 而不用which.

We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.

j.表示' 正如... 那樣 '，' 正象...' 之意時(shí)，用as, 不用which.

Mary was late again, as had been expected.

k.As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面或主句中間，而由 which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后面。

As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.

7.關(guān)系代詞可以省略的情況:

a.關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。

Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.

b.當(dāng)that在從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。

She is all (that) a teacher should be.

c.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)從句，或在定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時(shí)，用作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也可省略。

This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.

d.狀語(yǔ)的省略

當(dāng)先行詞是reason，而且定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用why,that可以省略。如：That is the reason (why) I did it.

當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。

當(dāng)先行詞是time時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用when,that 或省略。

I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.

注意：關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)也不能省略。

8.關(guān)系代詞不能省略情況：

a.在介詞+whom與介詞+which中，whom,which不能省略。

That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.

b.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。

The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.

c.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中，as,that即使作賓語(yǔ)，也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類用as)

This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個(gè))

d.當(dāng)由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)先行詞時(shí)，第一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞可省，但第二，第三個(gè)不可省略。

This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.

關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別

關(guān)系代詞有who，whom, that, which, whose,關(guān)系副詞有where(地點(diǎn)),when(時(shí)間),why(原因).

總體來(lái)說(shuō),關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ),他們和關(guān)系代詞主要的區(qū)別是where,when,why=介詞+which

如：This is the house in which (where) I lived last year.