現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)

   現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去　但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或　狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過去分詞。不少同學(xué)對現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法感到困惑，下面我們來對現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別做一個(gè)詳細(xì)分析。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語，如：just, yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示瀕度的時(shí)間狀語連用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等；也同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now, today, this morning, this year, this month等，但不能同特定的時(shí)間狀語連用（in 1993, last year等）。

（一）表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。

 如： Have you read that story？

你讀過那個(gè)故事嗎？

（“讀”這一動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。）

I have bought two apples．

 我買了兩個(gè)蘋果。

（“買”這一動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋果。）

在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問句和否定句中。

如： I have already finished my homework．我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。 He has just had his meal．他剛吃過飯。 Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱過這首英文歌嗎？ They haven't started yet．他們還沒有動身。 We have never heard of it．我們從來沒有聽說過這件事。

（二）表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。

 1、因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)，所以使用的動詞通常是延續(xù)性動詞：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等；

2、使用的時(shí)間狀語通常由for或since 引導(dǎo)，但二者后接的詞有所不同：

for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，指某個(gè)動作到現(xiàn)在為止已持續(xù)了多長時(shí)間。

如：for three years, for half an hour等。

since 作介詞，后面可以接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980，也可以接“一段時(shí)間+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。

since 還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

如：We have known each other since we went to college.

3、非延續(xù)性動詞不能直接和for 或since 連用，但我們可以找一個(gè)相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞或動詞短語來替換這些非延續(xù)性動詞，

如: come→be,    come to→be in / at,  go out→ be out,  leave→be away,

begin→be on,  stop→ be over，    buy→ have,      borrow→ keep,

open→be open, close→be closed,        join→be a member of,

die→be dead,  catch a cold→have a cold,  get to know→know,

become a teacher →be a teacher,  fall asleep→be asleep,   fall ill→ be ill等。

4、句型It is the first （second, third...) time that...的that從句中，謂語動詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到說話時(shí)為止動作發(fā)生過幾次。

如：It is the first time that I have been here. 用于This/That/It is the first(second…) time that…句型中。如：

It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city. 這是我第三次參觀這個(gè)美麗的城市了。

■用于This/That/It is +the+形容詞最高級+名詞+that…句型中用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that從句”中

在這種從句中，當(dāng)主句動詞為is/will be時(shí)，that-從句的動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，that 可以省略。主句中的主語還可用this, this evening等; 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞；time也可由其他名詞替代。

-Do you know our town at all?你對我們城鎮(zhèn)熟悉嗎？

-No, this is the first time I have been here.不熟，這是我第一次來這里。

It's the first time I've been here.這是我第一次到這里來。

It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.這將是我第一次當(dāng)眾講話。That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 這是我看過的最有意思的書。

It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

 This is the best film I’ve ever seen.這是我所看過得最好的一部電影。

 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.這是他寫得最好的一部小說。（三）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的用法比較

1、一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。

如： He visited Guilin in 1998.

他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時(shí)間)

2、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。

如： Jill has bought a new computer.

吉爾買了一臺新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺新電腦)

　3、 兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分

(1)一般過去時(shí)的謂語動詞用過去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語基本構(gòu)成是"助動詞have /has +過去分詞"。

(2)一般過去時(shí)通常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；

而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。

　　（3）看看以下的幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別？

　?、?Have you seen the film?(A)

　　　 Did you see the film?(B)[說明] 你看過這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問者對劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動作是否發(fā)生過，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。

　　② How has he done it?(A)

　　  How did he do it?(B)

　　[說明]他是怎么做的這件事？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。

　　③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)

　　  He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

　　[說明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。

5.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)

　　(1)have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了)”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了(說話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。

　　He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。

　　(2)如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。

　　(3)終止性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。

　　如：I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒。

(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見兩種句型：
①主語＋have / has been＋for短語
②It is＋一段時(shí)間＋ since從句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。  在表達(dá)一個(gè)在過去開始而現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動作時(shí)，某些動詞既可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，也可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。這樣的動詞有expect，hope，learn，lie，live，look，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand，stay，study，teach，wait，want，work等
How long have you learnt English？你學(xué)習(xí)英語多久了？
How long have you been learning English？（譯文同上。）
He has slept for ten hours．他已經(jīng)睡了十個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He has been sleeping for ten hours．（譯文同上。）
It has snowed for a long time．雪下了好長時(shí)間了。
It has been snowing for a long time．（譯文同上。）
沒有進(jìn)行式的動詞不可能有這樣的用法，即現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不能代替以下例句中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
They’ve always had a big garden．他們一直有一座大花園。
How long have you known that？你知道這事多久了？
He’s been in hospital since his accident．
他從發(fā)生事故之后，一直在醫(yī)院里。
注意：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以和時(shí)間短語連用，也可以不連用，這一點(diǎn)就有別于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，因?yàn)楹笳吲c像for six days，since June，never等一些時(shí)間短語連用才能表示這類動作。不用這些時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)指的是完成了的一個(gè)動作。
B 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的反復(fù)的動作，有時(shí)可以作為連續(xù)的動作用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示：
I’ve written six letters since breakfast．早飯后我已經(jīng)寫了六封信。
I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．早飯后我一直在寫信。
I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in．
我敲了五次門。我想屋里沒有人。
I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in．
我一直在敲門。我想屋里沒有人

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

 (1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動作，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動作：

I have read the book. 我讀過這本書。I have been reading the book. 我一直在讀這本書。

【注】有少數(shù)動詞(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持續(xù)一時(shí)間時(shí)用這兩種時(shí)態(tài)含義差不多(只是用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性)：

How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在這兒工作多久了？

I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以來我就一直住在這兒。

 (2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí)，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感****彩：

I have waited for two hours. 我等了兩小時(shí)。(陳述事實(shí))

I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(等得好辛苦)

 (3) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來談?wù)撦^短暫的動作或情況，若要談?wù)摃r(shí)間延續(xù)較長的動作或情況或永久性情況，則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暫時(shí)性)

 (4) 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但它們可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

I’ve only known her for two day. 我認(rèn)識她剛剛兩天。They’ve been married for twenty years. 他們結(jié)婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了很長時(shí)間。

 (5) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于被動語態(tài)，若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)代替：

The house has been painted for a month. 這房子已漆了一個(gè)月。

The problem has been studied for five days. 這個(gè)問題已研究了五天。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

一、 單項(xiàng)選擇。

1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .

 A. knew    B. have known   C. must know    D.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?A. already B.never C.ever D.still

  3、Have you met Mr Li ______？ A. just  B. ago C.before  D. a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

 A. is writing   B.was writing       C.wrote      D.has written

5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

  —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

 A.has changed ; well B.changed ; good C.has changed ; better D.changed ; better

  6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

 A. was ; studying     B. will ; study C. has ; studied      D. are ; studying

  7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

 A. know     B. had known     C. have known     D. knew

8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I______ it twice .

A.will see B.have seen C.saw  D.see

9、—These farmers have been to the United States .

    —Really ? When _____ there ?

 A. will they go   B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone

10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?

  —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

 A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished

 C.Have ; done ; have finished  D.will ; do ; finish

11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

 A. joined   B. has joined    C. was in    D. has been in

  12、—Do you know him well ?

 — Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

 A. were   B. have been      C. have become      D. have made

  13、—How long have you ____ here ?

 —About two months . A. been   B. gone         C. come       D. arrived

  14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

 A. has begun    B. had begun C. has been on   D. began

15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .

 A. is         B. has           C. will          D. was

16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .

 A.has gone    B. went       C.will go         D. has been

  17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .

 A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to    D. have been

18、The students have cleaned the classroom,     ?

   A. so they     B. don’t they    C. have they    D. haven’t they

19、       has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he       to China?

A. How soon, comes    B. How often, got C. How long, came  D. How far, arrived

 20、 His uncle       for more than 9 years.

A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university

21.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20 minutes.

A. has left   B. had left  C. has been away    D. had been away

22. I ______ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined   B. have joined  C. have been in

23.The factory ____ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened

24.Mary and Rose ____friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become

25.You mustn't_____ until he comes back.  A. be away  B. leave  C. be left

26.The meeting _____ for a week now. A. has finished  B. has ended C. has been over

27.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught

28.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was   D. became

29. I ______ home for a week.   A. have returned  B. have been back  C. returned

30. How long _______ he ________ ? A. died   B. has, died  C. has, been dead

31. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon. A. slept   B. was sleeping  C. has sleep  D. had slept

32.He ________ the car for a week.  A. bought   B. has bought  C. has had 

33.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks. A. did fall  B. have, fell C. have, been

34.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown. A. has left  B. has moved away  C. has been away from

35.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days. A. borrow  B. keep  C. take

36.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far. A. has stopped  B. stopped  C. has been

37.Are you _____ the jacket these days?   A. wearing   B. putting on C. dressing  D. on

38.He ________ for 2 hours. A. got up  B. has got up   C. has been up

39. Tom is ill in hospital. He ______ a cold for several days.   A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had

40.----- How long can I ______ the book?  

 ------ Two weeks.         A. borrow   B. lend  C. get   D. keep

二、 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。

1、He has never surfed,           ?（改成反意疑問句） 

2、They have been here since 2000. (對劃線部分提問)                  have they been here?

3、The old man _______ last year. He           for a year. (die) （動詞填空）

4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)

  This factory              ________ for twenty years.

5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) Miss Gao _____ ____ _____ _____ an hour ago.

6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句）

 Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)

   _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.

8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子)  

 ___________________________________________                                      

三、 漢譯英。

1、 吉姆已做完作業(yè)，他現(xiàn)在有空了。

2、 他昨天收到一封信。

3、 我父親以前到過長城。

4、 她還沒有看過那部新電影。

5、 她去過上海。

6、 他這些天上哪兒去了？

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與中考選擇填空。

1．I_______  a letter from him since he left．（天津市）

 A．didn't receive B．haven't got C．didn't have D．haven't heard

2．—Where have you _______ these days？ —I have to Dazhu with my friends．（重慶市）

 A．been；gone B．been；been C．gone；been D．gone；gone

3．How long have you _______ this book？（哈爾濱市） A．bought B．borrowed C．had D．lent

4．—Where's Peter？ —He _______ to Nanjing．（沈陽市） A．is going B．has been C．has gone D．went

5．You've never seen such a wonderful film before，_______ ？（河北?。?/p>

 A．haven't you B．have you C．do you D．don't you

6．We have lived here _______ five years ago．（河南省） A．when B．since C．before D．a(chǎn)fter

7．—I have watched the game． —When you _______ it？（長沙市）

 A．have；watched B．do；watch C．did；watch D．will；watch

8．—How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？ —Oh，I _______ such a beautiful city．（江西?。?/p>

 A．don't visit B．didn't visit C．haven't visited D．hadn't visited

9．The old people _______ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week．（廣州市）

  A．don't feel B．hasn't felt C．haven't felt D．didn't feel

10．My grandfather_______ in the small town all his life．He always says he likes the town．（四川省）

 A．lived B．have lived C．has lived D．is living

11．Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice．（貴陽市）

 A．have been B．has been C．have gone D．has gone

12．His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _______ he came to Yunnan．（昆明市）

  A．a(chǎn)fter B．before C．since D．for

13．His grandpa _______ for two years．（廣西） A．was died B．has been dead C．was dead D．has died

14．—Have you ever_______ to Haikou？ —Yes，I_______ there with my family last August．（海南?。?/p>

 A．gone；went B．been；went C．been；went to D．been；was in

15．His sister _______ her hometown for three years． She'll return next year．（合肥市）

 A．left B．has left C．has been away D．has been away from

一、單項(xiàng)選擇。

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，或過去發(fā)生的動作還未結(jié)束，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，重點(diǎn)在于對現(xiàn)在的影響。這種考查難度較大，往往無時(shí)間狀語，需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上兩側(cè)根據(jù)上下文分析、推理，正確答案是B。

2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與already（已經(jīng)），just（剛剛，正好），ever（曾經(jīng)），never（從來，也不；從不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等連用。故2應(yīng)選B。

3、C

4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與recently（近來），so far（到目前為止），in the past/“l(fā)ast + 一段時(shí)間”等時(shí)間狀語連用。因?yàn)樯鲜龆陶Z表示的是從現(xiàn)在起往前推算的一段時(shí)間，句中的動作是從過去某一時(shí)間或時(shí)刻開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的。故4應(yīng)選D。

5、C

6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)常與“for +時(shí)間段或since +過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用（含從句，從句過去時(shí)）。故6應(yīng)選C。

7、C

8、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還與once（一次），twice（兩次），three times（三次），several times（幾次）等表示重復(fù)次數(shù)的詞語連用。故8應(yīng)選B。

9、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)容易混淆，就是因?yàn)樗鼈兯硎镜膭幼鞫及l(fā)生在過去，但二者又有區(qū)別：一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于陳述一件過去的事情，與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系的發(fā)生在過去的動作，它不與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）連用。故9的正確答案為B。

10、B

11、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，非延續(xù)性動詞不能與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，通常是用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞來代替。故11的正確答案依次為：D。

12、B   13、A    14、C    15、A。

16、“have/has gone to + 地點(diǎn)”表示“某人去了某地（還未回來）”，指主語所指的人不在這兒。“have/has been in + 地點(diǎn)”表示“在某地呆了多長時(shí)間”，常與表示時(shí)間的狀語連用?！癶ave/has been to +地點(diǎn)”表示“曾經(jīng)去過某地（但現(xiàn)在已不在那兒）。”故16的正確答案為A。

17、A   18、D    19、C    20、C

二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。

1、has he?            2、How long           3、died, has been dead  

4、has been open      5、has been away      6、joined；ago

7、It is, since       8、The bus has been here for ten minutes.

三、漢譯英。

1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now.

2、He received a letter yesterday.

3、My father has been to the Great Wall before.

4、She hasn't seen the new film yet.

5、She has been to Shanghai.

6、Where has he been these days？

（Key：1—5BBCCB 6—10BCCCC 11—15BCBBD）

(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí))

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的意義及其構(gòu)成：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài), 其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在; 也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成: have (has) +過去分詞

二、通常使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的幾種情況：
1、表示過去發(fā)生的事對現(xiàn)在仍有影響。
  The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy．(Justin在過去失蹤，但Kelly至今仍舊為他的失蹤感到不高興)
2、表示過去開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
  I haven’t seen Justin since last Friday night．(從上周五晚上到現(xiàn)在一直都沒有見到過
3、表示動作的確切時(shí)間不明確或不重要。
  The boy has already come home．(男孩已經(jīng)回家，但沒有指出何時(shí)回家)
4、表示剛結(jié)束的動作。
  The police have just finished searching the area．(警方剛結(jié)束對該地區(qū)的搜查)
5、表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。
  Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times．(村民們曾多次看到UFO)

三、常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語
1、表示過去的事或動作對現(xiàn)在有影響，動作的時(shí)間不明確、不重要或動作剛結(jié)束，一般可用already(用于肯定句或疑問句)、yet(用于否定句或疑問句)、ever、just、recently、lately never等。除此之外，before也可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
  The boy has already come home．男孩已經(jīng)來家了。
  I haven't heard anything from him yet/ recently／lately.

 近來，我沒收到他的任何信件。
  The police have just finished searching the area．警方已經(jīng)結(jié)束對這個(gè)地區(qū)的搜查。
  I've met the old man somewhere before．我以前在某個(gè)地方見過那位老人。
2、表示動作從過去開始，并一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，一般可用for／since短語或由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。在介詞for后一般跟表示一段時(shí)間的短語，在since后一般跟表示某個(gè)時(shí)間的短語，或表示過去時(shí)間的狀語從句。
 We haven't seen him for two years／since 2002．我兩年沒見到他了/自從2002年以來就沒見過他。
 We haven't seen him since he left Nanjing．自從他離開南京我們就一直沒見到過他。
3、 表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，一般可用數(shù)詞+times、recently和lately等。
  Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times/ recently/lately．

一些村民說他們多次/近來看到飛碟。

四、用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型： 

1) It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分, 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如果主句是過去時(shí)，從句相應(yīng)地改為過去完成時(shí)。例如：

   It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次參觀這座城市。

   It was the third time that the boy had been late. 這是男孩第三次遲到了。

2) sb./ sth. + be + 形容詞最高級+ that…結(jié)構(gòu), that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如果主句是過去時(shí)，從句相應(yīng)地改為過去完成時(shí)。例如：

　This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的電影中最好的一部。

 You are the most creative man that I have ever met. 你是我遇到過的人中最有創(chuàng)造性的一位。

 3) since 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

 It has been/ is a long time since I last came to the city. 自從我上次到城里來，已經(jīng)有好長一段時(shí)間了。

I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I have been there ever since.我是在那個(gè)學(xué)校開始我的教書生涯。那是二十多年前的事了，從那時(shí)起我一直就在那兒。

注意: 非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

(錯) I have received his letter for a month.

(對) I received this letter a month ago.

(對) I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

比較since和for

一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

一、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義及其構(gòu)成：

   現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某一動作在過去開始發(fā)生, 已經(jīng)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 并且還將持續(xù), 或剛剛停止。其構(gòu)成:

have (has) +been + doing

I have been learning English for three years. (學(xué)英語這個(gè)動作從三年前開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還將繼續(xù)學(xué))

I have been waiting three hours for you. (等待從過去開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，剛剛結(jié)束)
二、通常使用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的兩種情況：
1 表示過去開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并仍在繼續(xù)之中。
 I have not been sleeping well since I returned home．(“我”回家后一直都沒有睡好，現(xiàn)在也沒有睡好)
2 表示過去開始的動作剛結(jié)束并在某種情況下與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)聯(lián)。
 Kelly：Sorry I'm late．Have you been waiting long? (凱利剛到，對方雖然不再等了，但已一直等到現(xiàn)在)
 Sally：Yes．I have been waiting for an hour．
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)皆可表示動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，但前者所表示的結(jié)果是直接的，而后者所表示的則是最后的結(jié)果。如：

We have been cleaning the classroom．我們打掃教室來著。

其直接結(jié)果可能是：我們身上都是灰。表示教室剛剛打掃過。

We have cleaned the classroom．我們把教室打掃過了。其結(jié)果是：現(xiàn)在教室很清潔，可

以用了。表示教室可能是昨天打掃的。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別

Helen has read a book about Stonehenge. (可表示海倫已經(jīng)讀完了)
Helen has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (表示海倫仍在讀)
------ How many times have you visited Egypt this month?
------I have visited Egypt twice this month.
(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在這一組對話當(dāng)中表示被問者過去往返于埃及和居住地，但現(xiàn)已經(jīng)回來)
------ How long have you been touring Egypt ?
------ I have been touring Egypt for two months.
(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)在這一組對話中表示被問者過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直呆在埃及，沒有離開過)
I have had this camera for five years．(had是表示“擁有”狀態(tài)的動詞)
I have taken photos of UFOs with this camera. (taken是表示動作的動詞)
I have been taking photos of UFOs with this camera. (taking是表示動作的動詞)
I’ve never visited Paris. 我從未參觀過巴黎。
I've already been to Paris. 我已經(jīng)去過巴黎了。

. 選擇填空

1. Mike: have you learned something unexplained before?

 John: Yes, I       a research on an unexplained fact 6 years ago in my hometown.

A. make    B. made     C. have been making     D. have made

2. Mr. White works as a lawyer now, but he       as an actor for several years.

   A. worked    B. has worked     C. had worked    D. had been worked

3. Now that you       a famous mountain climber, what are you going to do?

A. have been     B. are         C. were          D. had been

4. Miss. Zhang: I am almost tired out.

 Miss. Huang: So you are. You       on the documents all day.

 A. are working      B. have worked    C. were working    D. have been working

5. Tom: I       here three days ago.

 Andy: What       these days?

A. got; did you do        B. have got; have you done

C. had got; will you do    D. got; have you been doing

6. Annie: I’m sorry to keep you waiting.

 Michael: Oh, not at all. I       here only a few minutes.

 A. have been     B. had been        C. was         D. will be

7. You don’t need to describe her. I       her several times.

 A. had met       B. have met      C. met      D. meet

8. Ted: I came to Canada last autumn. What about you, Jim?

 Jim: I       here for about half a year, and I miss my family very much.

   A. come       B. came         C. have come        D. have been

9. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1934)       the world leading inventor for about sixty years.

 A. would be      B. has been      C. was      D. had been

10. Billy:       the sport meeting might be put off.

  Paul: Yes, it all depends on the weather.

 A. I’ve been told      B. I’ve told      C. I’m told      D. I told

11. Johnson: What bad luck that we       the football match in the last 3 minutes.

  Thomas: Especially when we       so hard in the past years.

 A. had lost; trained            B. were losing; had rained

 C. have lost; have trained       D. lost; have been training

12. Melissa: Hi, Mary. It’s nice hearing from you.

  Mary: I       coming to visit you but too much work prevents me from doing so.

   A. had thought of             B. thought of

C. have been thinking of        D. have thought of

13. Tom: Miss Jones       music at Eton School for ten years.

  Sarah: No wonder I often hear her singing in her garden.

   A. teachers   B. used to teach   C. is teaching    D. has been teaching

14. Tracy: I think the waitress must have forgotten us. we       here for over half an hour and nobody       our order yet.

  John: I suppose you are right.

A. have been waiting; has taken       B. have been waiting; took

C. have been waited; has taken        D. have waited; took

15. The students don’t want to have their supper until they       their experiment.

 A. finished     B. have finished    C. had finished     D. will finish

16. I play ping-pong quite well, but I       time to play since the new year.

  A. haven’t    B. don’t have     C. haven’t had     D. don’t have had

17. By now students in Grade One       1,700 English words and phrases.

   A. should learn    B. have learned    C. learned     D. learn

18. I       my history this time yesterday. Now I       all my work for today.

 A. reviewed; had done           B. was reviewing; had done 

 C. was reviewing; have done      D. reviewed; have done

19. I       unexplained things recently and I even       some writing.

 A. have been researching; have started       B. have researched; had started

  C. have been researching; have been starting  D. have been researched; have started

20. Tom: Where have you been? I       you the whole day.

  Kate: I was in the library reading magazines.

   A. have been telephoning          B. had telephoned

   C. telephoned                   D. was telephoned

21. The boss       yet when and where to take her paid holiday.

   A. has decided   B. didn’t decide   C. hasn’t decided   D. hadn’t decided

22. Jane: How are you today?

  Ben: Oh, I       this ill in a long time.

   A. didn’t feel    B. wasn’t feeling    C. don’t feel   D. haven’t felt

23. Shirley       a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.

   A. has written    B. wrote      C. had written     D. was writing

24. Peter: Hi, Tracy, you look tried.

  Tracy: I am tired. I       the living room all day.

   A. painted       B. had painted   C. have been painting  D. have painted

25. I don’t really work here. I       until the new secretary arrives.

 A. just help out           B. have just help out

 C. am just helping out      D. will just help out

26. The price       , but I am not sure whether it will go up again tomorrow.

 A. went down      B. will go down    C. has gone down     D. was going down

27. I wonder why Jenny       us recently. We should have heard from her by now.

   A. hasn’t written   B. doesn’t write     C. won’t write    D. hadn’t written

28. The high building is reported to       down last month.

 A. be torn      B. have been torn     C. tear      D. have torn

29. – Who is Jerry Cooper?

  --       ? I saw you shaking hands with hem at the meeting.

 A. Don’t you meet him yet       B. Didn’t you meet him yet

 C. Haven’t you met him yet      D. Hadn’t you met him yet

30. I       my washing machine the whole morning. I must get t done before noon.

 A. have repaired     B. am repairing     C. will repair     D. have been repairing

31. I got frightened in the earthquake not long ago. I       well since then.

 A. haven’t been sleeping     B. haven’t sleep    C. didn’t sleep     D. don’t sleep

32. Experts       for Yetis in the Himalayas for years, but they still       one.

 A. have looked; haven’t been finding      B. have looked; haven’t been found

   C. are looking; haven’t been found        D. have been looking; haven’t found

 . 用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空

1. The aliens say they come from zeton and                    (travel) for 2 years

2. How many times             you                (swim) in the sea?

3. How long              the children               (play) computer games?

4. They                (visit) this national park twice this month.

5. They                (tour) Paris for 2 weeks. They are going back home next week.

6. She           never               (read) any book about Stonehenge before.

7. Jim                    (read) a book about the Loch Ness Monster this morning, and he’ll get through soon.

8. I                (not be) so delighted since I                    (enjoy) myself last.

9. But no evidence of life                    (discover) in any of these planet so far.

10. – Will someone go and get Dr. White?

  -- He                   already                 (send) for.

答案BAADD ；ABDCA ；DCDAB ；CBCAA； CDDCC； CABCD；

AD

1． have been traveling 2. have; swum 3. have; been playing 4. have visited 5 . have been touring

6. has; read 7. has been reading 8. have not been; enjoyed 9. has been discovered 10.has; been sent