在英語寫作中，有些固定的詞和短語經(jīng)常會用到。

如果能掌握這些詞匯和短語，英語學(xué)術(shù)寫作水平肯定會提高得更快，同時也對英語學(xué)術(shù)文章的閱讀理解有非常大的幫助。

以下詞匯及短語適用于各類英語考試的寫作部分，包括高考、大學(xué)四六級、專英四級八級、考研、雅思、托福、SAT等。

1. Opinion 提出觀點

提出自己的觀點可以使所寫的文章更加個性化和多維度，展示批判性思維。

提出觀點的常用詞匯及短語：

? to tell the truth, …

? to put it mildly, …

? in my experience, …

? as far as I’m concerned, …

? speaking for myself, …

? in my opinion, …

? personally, I think…

? I would say that…

? I would suggest that…

? I would like to point out that…

? I believe that…

? what I mean is…

? it is unjustifiable to say that…

? to my mind…

? if you ask me…

? to my way of thinking…

? in my view…

? what I think is that…

? as for me…

? for me…

? if you ask me…

? the way I see it…

? as far as I am concerned…

? from my point of view…

? I hold the opinion that…

? my impression is that…

? I consider…

? my conviction is that…

? I am under the impression that…

? speaking personally, …

? I dare say that…

? I gather that…

? I have no doubt that…

? I hold the view that…

? I believe that…

? as far as I understand…

? as far as I can see…

? in my perception…

? as I see it, …

? according to me, …

? I agree with this view/opinion…

? I agree with this point of view, but…

2. Research研究

研究是一篇優(yōu)秀學(xué)術(shù)論文的重要部分。通過提供研究報告或證據(jù)，使所寫的觀點更令人信服、具體和真實可靠。

例子:

A certain study that was done at a national institute for media indicated that kids can get addicted to video games and exhibit social phobias.

（國內(nèi)一所媒體研究院的一項研究表明，孩子們可能會沉迷于電子游戲，并表現(xiàn)出社交恐懼癥。）

引出研究證據(jù)的常用詞匯及短語：

? a few studies…

? other studies…

? a certain study, … indicated that…

? little attention has been devoted to the impact…

? given the lack of critical attention paid to…

? there is a divergence between …… and what they actually do. This divergence

? occurs because…

? several schools of thought have emerged…

? as shown previously…

? prior research has suggested…

? another factor…

? the underlying concept…

? the likelihood that…

? research indicates…

? what is demonstrated…

? against this backdrop…

? the central issue addressed here is the relationship between…

? the topic of …… warrants research attention for …… reasons.

? to answer these questions…

? the present study attempts to crystallize …… factors which influence …… by….

? analyzing the relationship between …… and…

? in examining…

? in order to better understanding…

? a deeper understanding of the process of…

? we illustrate this procedure by…

? we illustrate this procedure by using…

? our contention is that…

? this research builds on existing knowledge in the fields of…

? insights drawn from scholarly literature are supplemented with those from…

? it accentuates the realization that…

? the issue is whether or not…

? there is evidence that …… has a positive affect.

? these arguments suggest…

? given this orientation…

? the same logic underlies…

? in this context, it is worthwhile to consider…

? in this respect, …

? in contrast, …

? a major trait…

? typically, …

? traditionally, …

? this leads to…

? generally, …

? as noted earlier…

? whereas…

? briefly…

? also, …

? still, …

? yet…

? accordingly…

? initially, it may seem…

? surprisingly, …

? next,…

? in contrast…

? nevertheless…

? as a result…

? hence…

? accordingly…

? respectively…

? as a consequence…

? consequently…

? thus, …

? therefore, …

? for this reason…

? because of this…

3. Explanation 解釋

解釋主題或問題是寫作的本質(zhì)。英語里有一些詞匯和短語可以幫助引入解釋部分，使文章更加通暢更深入。

引入解釋的常用詞匯及短語：

? in order to…

? in other words…

? to put it in another way…

? that is to say…

? to that end….

? besides, …

? furthermore, …

? in addition, …

? moreover…

? likewise…

? indeed…

? in truth…

? in fact…

? also…

? as well…

? foremost…

? ranking above all others…

? preceding all others…

4. Additional Information 額外信息

一篇文章僅用一個觀點或思路來描述或論述是遠遠不夠的。觀點或例子太少會讓主題站不住腳，論述不夠深入。

提供額外信息的常用詞匯及短語：

? moreover…

? furthermore…

? what’s more…

? likewise…

? similarly…

? another key thing to remember…

? as well as…

? not only…. but also…

? coupled with…

? initially…

? subsequently…

? not to mention…

? additionally, …

? in addition, …

? also, …

? besides that, …

? and…

? apart from…

? in addition to…

? such as…

? another…

? besides, …

? further…

? too…

? then…

? of equal importance…

? equally important…

? another…

5. Contrast 對比

寫作中運用比較和對比，有助于突出中心思想和主題，鮮明解釋論證或解決問題的哪一方最適合考慮。

進行對比的常用詞匯及短語：

? however, …

? on the other hand, …

? having said that, …

? by contrast, …

? by comparison, …

? then again, …

? that said, …

? yet…

? at the same time, …

? nonetheless, …

? on the contrary, …

? after all, …

? though…

? in contrast…

? nevertheless, …

? but…

? otherwise…

? notwithstanding…

? conversely, …

? instead, …

? rather…

? on one hand…

? on the other hand…

? a clear difference…

? a conflicting viewpoint…

? despite…

? even so, …

? for all that…

? still another…

? in another way…

? the antithesis of…

? still…

? and yet…

? of course, …

? or…

? in spite of this…

? actually, …

? a year ago, …

? for all that, …

? strangely enough, …

? ironically, …

6. Proviso 附帶條件

當(dāng)研究或證據(jù)不足，也無法去證明時，可以附加一些限制條件，形成假設(shè)去論述觀點。

常用附帶條件的詞匯及短語：

? though…

? this means…

? due to this issue…

? despite this…

? with this in mind…

? provided that…

? in view of…

? in light…

? nonetheless…

? nevertheless…

? notwithstanding…

? due to a lack of…

? however, there are drawbacks to…

? due to insufficient evidence…

? a comprehensive view of the issue cannot be formed due to…

? since the claims were unsubstantiated…

? since the evidence was not validated…

? according to….the amount of information on this topic is insufficient to…

7. Giving Examples 舉例

提供例子來闡明觀點非常重要。沒有例子很多時候讓人難以理解所表達的意思或論述的觀點。寫作中沒有例子，文章也會變得枯燥、不具體。

舉例的常用詞匯及短語：

? for instance, …

? for example, …

? on the other hand, …

? to give an illustration, …

? demonstrating this…

? illustrating this…

? specifically, …

? in particular, …

? some notable examples are…

? some exemplary examples of this are…

? an obvious example of this is…

? to give a brief example, …

? to give a simple example, …

? a case in point…

? such as…

? supposing…

? let us say that…

? some examples are…

? like…

? take this scenario into consideration:…

? imagine this situation:…

? to be specific, …

? moreover, …

? furthermore, …

? just as important…

? similarly, …

? in the same way…

8. Importance 重要性

使用一些特定的詞匯或短語，可以突出文章中的某一點很重要或者值得引起注意。

突顯重要的常用詞匯及短語：

? significantly…

? notably, ….

? the key… to take into consideration…

? importantly…

? indeed…

? without a doubt…

? undoubtedly…

? certainly…

? surely…

? to repeat, …

? of course…

? by all means…

? make no mistake,…

? ultimately, … is the greatest … we have.

? above all, …

? first and foremost…

? again, …

? to be sure, …

? in fact, …

? as a matter of fact, …

? as I have said, …

? as have been noted, …

9. Summary 總結(jié)

總結(jié)看起來很簡單，但要把大量的信息歸納寫得簡單而有條理，并使之成為一個連貫有力的整體，需要付出一定的努力。

用于歸納總結(jié)的常用詞匯及短語：

? as a last note, …

? conclusive evidence…

? overall…

? in conclusion…

? above all…

? all in all…

? compelling…

? all things considered…

? taking everything into account, …

? at last…

? in summary, …

? to summarize, …

? to conclude…

? in light of all these…

? on the whole…

? in summation, …

? to sum up, …

? in sum, …

? in short, …

? in brief, …

? to repeat, …

? briefly, …

? finally, …

? therefore…

? as I have said…

? as you can see…

? in a nutshell, …

? to recap, …

? to give you a digest of…

? to give you a snippet of…

? here is a regurgitation of…

? here is a run through of…

? here is a run down of…

? it all boils down to the fact that…

? to get the meat of the issue…

? as was previously stated, …

? as has been mentioned, …

? given these points, …

? as has been noted, …

? to put it briefly, …

? consequently, …

? in consequence, …

? altogether, …

? in a word, …

? in the end, …

? thus, …

? as I have shown, …

? hence, …

? accordingly, …

? as a result…

? by and large…

? finally, it may be concluded…