——定語從句
【復(fù)習(xí)目標】
▲掌握定語從句的意義及作用。
▲區(qū)別各類引導(dǎo)詞。
【課前準備】
●要求學(xué)生用定語從句造五個句子。
【知識要點】
在復(fù)合句中 ， 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句 ， 被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞 ， 引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why等 ， 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成份。
1.由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中 ， who用作主語 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.
2.由whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，whom用作賓語，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3.由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句中 ， whose用作定語 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4.由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，which用作主語或謂語動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語，如：
The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.
The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
This is the pen which you want.
注意 ：
(1)whom, which用作介詞賓語時 ， 介詞可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在從句原來的位置上；但在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.
(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，必須用關(guān)系代詞which，不用that,如：I have lost
my bag, which I like very much.
(3)關(guān)系代詞在句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。
5.由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，that可以指人或物，在從句中作主語或謂語動詞的賓語，但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語，如：
The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.
注意在下面幾種情況下必須用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句。
(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：
All that we have to do is to practise English.
(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，如
The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
(3)先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾 ， 如
I''ve eaten up all the food that you gave me.
(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時如
He is the only person that I want to talk with.
(5)先行詞既有人又有物時，如:
They talked about persons and things that they met.
(6)當(dāng)句中已有who時 ， 為避免重復(fù) ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the
class?
6.由when, where, why引導(dǎo)的定語從句，如:
I don''t know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I''ll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.
注意：先行詞是表示地點時，如果從句的謂語動詞是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果從句的謂語動詞是不及物的，就用where引導(dǎo)。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
7. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，這些關(guān)系代詞都不能省略。
(2)非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明 ， 沒有這種從句 ， 不影響主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗號把主句和從句分開 ， 關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that;指人時可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.
8．如何簡化定語從句
（1）.定語從句簡化為形容詞或形容詞短語作后置定語。如:
My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.
→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在離這兒很遠的一個村子。
This is a book that is worth reading.
→This is a book worth reading. 這是一本值得看的書。
（2） 定語從句簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語作前置或后置定語。
The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.
→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.
站在樹下面的那個人是我們的英語老師。
I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.
當(dāng)時我看到那房子在燃燒。
（3）定語從句簡化為過去分詞短語作后置定語。
I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜歡看張藝謀導(dǎo)演的電影。
She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校會上受表彰的那個女孩。
（4）定語從句簡化為不定式作后置定語。
He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他總是第一個到校。
The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的報告對我們很重要。
（5）定語從句簡化為what 從句。
I couldn''t remember the words that he said.→I couldn''t remember what he said.
我記不得他說的話。
【典型例題解析】
例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.
A. which B. what C. that D. as
解析 先行詞 book被序數(shù)詞修飾時要用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，故選C。
例 2 I''ll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.
A. when B. in which C. that D. for which
解析 本題指時間，故選 A。
例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.
A. you need B. what you need
C. which you need it D. that you need it
解析 B、C、D中的what和it與先行The book相抵觸 ， 故選 A。
例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析 本題指地點，故選 C。
例 5 I''m one of the boys _________ never late for school.
A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is
解析 本題中 who用作主語，謂語動詞與先行詞the boys保持一致，故選B。
【選講例題】
例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
A. whom B. that C. which D. who is
解析 非限制性定語從句中 ， 關(guān)系代詞用 which,不用that,但指人時用who或whom.故選A。
例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.
A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose
解析 whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,whose用作定語，故選D。
定語從句專項練習(xí)及詳解
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels
20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
26.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
27.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
28.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D./
29.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which
30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what
32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A.that B.which C.for which D.who
33.That is not the way ______I do it.
A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
37.This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph.
A. that B. which C. from that D. from which
38.He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
A. that B. which C. who D. as
39. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.
A. / B. why C. when D. whose
40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
41. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
42. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
43. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
44. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
45. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
47. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where
48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
49. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which
50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
參考答案及解析
1. A. which用作關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作主語。
2．C. "和誰講話”要說speak to sb. 本題全句應(yīng)為Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是關(guān)系代詞，作介詞to的賓語，可以省略。
3. D. where是關(guān)系副詞，表示地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。
4. C. when是關(guān)系副詞，表示時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。
5．A. which是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中作forget的賓語。其他幾個答案都不能作賓語。
6．C. 解析同第5題。
7. A. 解析見第3題。
8. A. 本句話的先行詞應(yīng)該是films,因此，關(guān)系代詞that是負數(shù)概念，其謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)述的被動語態(tài)have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠詞the，則the one應(yīng)該視為先行詞。
9. A. “談到某事物”應(yīng)說talk about sth.。about是介詞，其后要用which作賓語，不能用that。
10. A. with which是"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"結(jié)構(gòu),常用來引導(dǎo)定語從句.with有"用"的意思,介詞之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定語從句中作狀語,即he is writing with a pen.
11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在從句中作狀語.
12. D. with whom引導(dǎo)定語從句.with whom放在從句中即為:my father works with the engineer.
13. D. whose引導(dǎo)定語從句,在從句中作主語family的定語.
14. A. that引導(dǎo)定語從句,因為先行詞是all,所以只能選用that引導(dǎo).
15. D. the same……..as是固定用法, as引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本句話中,as作從句的主語.
16. D. such……… as是固定用法,as引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本題中,as作表語.
17. B. as作關(guān)系代詞可以單獨用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。這時as所指代的不是主句中某個名詞，而往往指代整個主句的含義。as在從句中可以作主語、賓語。從句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作賓語.
18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定語從句.with whom放在從句中為:I went to the concert with Li Ming.
19. C. as引導(dǎo)定語從句時通常構(gòu)成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修飾其后的名詞，as為關(guān)系代詞，指代其前的名詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。 as在從句中可以作主語、表語或賓語。Such修飾單數(shù)名詞時,要用such a……..,本題中such books, such直接修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞.
20. B. things和persons是先行詞.當(dāng)定語從句要修飾的先行詞是既表示人,又表示物的名詞時,其關(guān)系代詞要用that.
21. D. who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,who作從句的主語.
22. C. two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.
23. D. 先行詞person后有兩個定語從句,第一個從句省略了關(guān)系代詞whom.因為, whom作從句中met的賓語,可以省略.第二個從句who could do it.who在從句中作主語,不可省略.
24. A. whose title引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,whose title也可以說成the title of which
25. A. for which 引導(dǎo)定語從句,使用介詞for,是來自于從句中的固定短語 be famous for "以……..而聞名".
26. C. 當(dāng)先行詞被such修飾時,引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞要用as. As在本從句中作主語.
27. A. 兩個先行詞the day都是表示時間的名詞,但第一個空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語,因此要用關(guān)系副詞when. 第二個空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作動詞spent的賓語,因此要用關(guān)系代詞which或that來引導(dǎo)定語從句.
28. D. 在way、distance、direction等詞后的定語從句中，常用that來代替“in (或其他介詞)+which”、when或where，而that?？墒÷?。
29. D. for which在定語從句中作原因狀語,可用why 來替代.
30. B. which I have looked after 構(gòu)成一個非限制性定語從句.
31. A. The reason why… was that….已成為一種固定句型，這一句中的why和that不能隨意換位，也不能將that改成because，盡管that這個詞在譯文中可能有 “因為”的含義。
32. B. 非限制性定語從句常用which引導(dǎo),which表示前句話的整個含義.
33. A. 解釋見28題.
34. D. 主句中的two表明不能選A.從句中的are表明不能選B. both of which用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句.
35. C. as引導(dǎo)定語從句時通常構(gòu)成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修飾其后的名詞，as為關(guān)系代詞，指代其前的名詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。as在從句中可以作主語、表語或賓語。本題中as作從句的主語.
36. B. 非限制性定語從句常用which引導(dǎo),which表示前句話的整個含義.
37. D.
38. D. 解析見35題.
39. A. he makes是定語從句, 從句前省略了關(guān)系代詞that.
40. B. which is a bad habit 非限制性定語從句.
41. A. what happened是賓語從句. all 之后that he knew是定語從句.先行詞是all,所以關(guān)系代詞只能用that.
42. D. years是表示時間的名詞,用when引導(dǎo)定語從句,是因為when在從句中作時間狀語.第二個空選用which,引導(dǎo)一個非限制性定語從句.
43. C. 本句話的定語從句是who own cars. 其先行詞是people,因此,定語從句的謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)的own。本句話主句的主語是The number of指“…..的數(shù)目”，是單數(shù)概念。因此，主句的謂語動詞要用is。
44. D. that followed是定語從句，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語。
45. A. 先行詞gas被only修飾，關(guān)系代詞要用that，而不用which。
46. B. through which引導(dǎo)定語從句，through which即through the hole,在定語從句中作狀語。What引導(dǎo)的是see的賓語從句，并作從句的主語。
47. B. 為便于理解，改寫本句話：This is the school that some Germanfriends visited last week. 不難看出，作表語的the school是先行詞。that引導(dǎo)了定語從句，因為that同時又作visited的賓語，所以被省略了。其它選項結(jié)構(gòu)不對。
48. A. 解釋見35題。
49. C. 因為是two ballpens, 并且定語從句的謂語writes是單數(shù)概念。因此，C是正確選項。
50. B. 本句話中，主句的主語是all,為抽象概念。因此，其謂語應(yīng)用單數(shù)的has been。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作主語。
一）定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語
1．定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。
2．先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。
3．關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。
關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用：A、引導(dǎo)定語從句；B、代替先行詞；C、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 該句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定語從句，修飾先行詞the man， “who”是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，代替先行詞the man，在定語從句中作主語。
（二）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1．who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕?br> That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我們物理的老師。
2．whom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷?。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 劉先生就是你們在公共汽車上談?wù)摰哪莻€人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要見的男孩。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個女孩是我們的班長。
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語或非正式文體中常可用who 來代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3．Which 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷?。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運動。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜歡外國作家寫的書。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天買的鋼筆。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。
4．That 指人時，相當(dāng)于who 或whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷浴?br>The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒？
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介紹給我的那個人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。
5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學(xué)家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一個爸爸當(dāng)醫(yī)生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。
We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?br>The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。
注意：１．含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 這是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那個保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （誤）
２．若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你剛才跟他談話的那個人是我的鄰居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機實在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (誤)
３．“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地愛著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班總共有４０個學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今為止，他寫了１０部小說，其中３部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。
（四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1． when 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我們團聚的時刻終于到了。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？
2． where 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我參觀了那個飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 這是他們當(dāng)初打敵人的地方嗎？
3． why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請告訴我你誤機的原因。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。
（五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
| 限制性定語從句 | 非限制性定語從句 |
形式上 | 不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。 | 用逗號“，”與主句隔開。 |
意義上 | 是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。 | 只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。 |
譯法上 | 譯成先行詞的定語：“．．．的” | 通常譯成主句的并列句。 |
關(guān)系詞的使用上 | A．作賓語時可省略 | A．不可省略 |
B．可用that | B．不用that |
C．可用who 代替whom | C．不可用who 代替whom |
限制性定語從句舉例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老師告訴我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中國是一個歷史悠久的國家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一個來自非洲的人。
非限制性定語從句舉例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中國是1949年成立的，現(xiàn)在正變得越來越強大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會議。
注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：
1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵她上大學(xué)。（意含： 她還有其他哥哥。）
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵她上大學(xué)。（意含：她只有一個哥哥。）
2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。（意含：不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。）
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。（意含：沒有不帶插圖的書。）
（一）限制性定語從句中只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況
1．當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代詞時，或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能為你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會做這樣的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。
2．當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。
3．當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
4．當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王華是我校唯一出席會議的人。
5．當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個人是誰？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6．當(dāng)先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那個沿街走來的人和他的 毛驢?！?/font>
（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句
as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1. as 和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很誠實，這一點我們看得出來。
2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 眾所周知，中國是發(fā)展中國家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 約翰是個著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 張華已去過巴黎十多次了，這一點我不相信。
注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 這些桌子是金屬的，這使得這些桌子很重。
3.當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same 修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。
(三) 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。如：
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子?！?/font>
（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇
用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?。試比較：
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一個我們可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一個以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永遠忘不了我們一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永遠忘不了我們一起度過的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 這就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 這就是他向我解釋的他沒有參加會議的原因。
（五）but 有時也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。（but = who don’t）
（六）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別
1．定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定語從句） 剛剛起飛的那架飛機是開往巴黎的。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位語從句） 他已經(jīng)去世了，這個事實很明了。
2．定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語從句主要由連詞that 引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。
The news that he told me is true. （定語從句） 他告訴我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. （同位語從句）他剛剛?cè)ナ懒?，這個消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定語從句) 我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是如何籌集這么多資金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位語從句） 我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金，這個問題很難解決。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定語從句） 他提出的問題讓我們很為難。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位語從句） 他是否一定會贏得那場比賽，這個問題很難回答。
3．同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞be發(fā)展成一個完整的句子, 而定語從句則不能。如：
A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位語從句） 我們可以向老師請教，這個主意不錯。
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位語從句） 地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)，這個事實人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位語從句） 請注意如何保護野生動物這個問題。
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
