外語教師聯(lián)盟每周一

“專項語法難題探微”欄目

（可在文末查看往期知識點）

本期第四個知識點

謂語

第四講 

并列主語與其謂語的一致問題

例如:

My father and mother are school teachers.

我爸爸和媽媽都在學校教書。

This book and that dictionary are useful to students of English.

這本書和那本詞典對學英語的學生都有用。

但并列單數(shù)主語在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。

例如:

My colleague and dear friend is near death's door.

我的同學兼親密朋友已瀕于死亡。(and連接的兩個主語指一個人)

A cart and horse was seen at a distance.

遠遠看見了一輛馬車。(and連接的兩個主語共同構(gòu)成一個整體)

The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了。

(and連接的兩個主語指同一個人)

例如:

The author，the wit，the partisan,，he fine gentleman，does not take the place of the man.

作家、才子、黨人、君子,都不能代替他作為人的品質(zhì)。

A fever，a mutilation，a cruel disappointment，a loss of Wealth，a loss of friends，seems at the moment untold loss.

熱病、體殘、大失所望、喪盡財富失去朋友,現(xiàn)時似乎都是極大的損失。

在幾個并列主語中,如果最后一個主語作為整個主語的頂點或用以歸納幾個不同的主語時,謂語動詞則要用單數(shù)。

例如:

Her knights and dames-her court is there.

她的武士和淑女們-她的宮廷在那里。

Your interest，your honour，God himself bids you do it.

你的利益,你的榮譽,上帝自己叫你做這件事。

例如:

Every boy and(every)girl is taught to read and write.

每個男孩和女孩都被教以讀書寫字。

No man，no animal，and no house is to be found in the island.

這島上不可能發(fā)現(xiàn)人,動物和房屋。

Not enjoyment，and not sorrow，is our destined end or way.

歡樂和悲傷都不是我們注定的結(jié)果和道路。

Many an orator and essayist has pointed out the supreme value to manhood of the hard grinding conditions under which such boys grow up.

許多演說家和散文家都指出了這樣的男孩子在那艱苦難耐的環(huán)境中成長的無上價值。

例如:

American and Dutch beer are both much lighter than British.

美國啤酒和荷蘭啤酒都比英國啤酒淡。

Good and bad butter are things quite different to our taste.

好的黃油和壞的黃油的味道十分不同。

自然,如果每一個描寫性形容詞前都有一個冠詞或其他限定詞(如that、this、my、your等),以表明所描寫的對象是兩個人或物,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。

例如:

The third and the last chapter are written by Professor Chen.

第三章和最后一章是由陳教授寫的。

(試比較:The third and last chapter is written by Professor Chen.

第三章也就是最后一章是由陳教授寫。

The red and the white rose are both beautiful.

紅玫瑰花和白玫瑰花都美。

Your and my wife are good friends.

你的妻子和我的妻子是好友。

同理,在由and連接的兩個以上的單數(shù)名詞分別由描寫性形容詞、冠詞或其他限定詞修飾時,其謂語動詞自然要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例如：

The horse and the carriage are at the door.

馬和車停在門口。

His lawyer and his former college friend were with him on his trip to Europe.

他的律師和他以前的大學朋友和他一道去歐洲旅行過。

(試比較:His lawyer and former college friend was with him on his trip to Europe.他的律師和他一道去歐洲旅行過,這位律師以前是他的大學朋友。)

例如:

The smoke and gas poured into the air is carried away by the wind and mixed with clear air.

散發(fā)在空甲的煙氣被風吹走,同清潔的空氣混合在一起。

Much mud and sand has been washed away by the mountain flood.山洪沖走了大量的泥沙。

Look，water and oil is flowing down the river.

瞧,水帶著油正往下游流走。

試比較:

Early to sleep and early to rise makes a man happy and wise.

早睡早起,使人愉快聰明。

Eating and drinking takes away one's stomach.

少吃多滋味,多吃壞腸胃。

What is correct and what is not correct is ultimately only a matter of what is accepted by society，for language is a matter of conventions within society.

什么是正確,什么是不正確,最終還得看哪些能被社會接受,因為語言在社會里是約定俗成的。

How to write and what to write are quite different things.

如何寫和寫什么完全是兩回事。

例如:

There is one boy，three girls and two women in the room.

房子里有一個男孩三個女孩和兩位婦女。(is改為are也可以)

Here is a pen and some exercise books for you.

這兒有一支筆和一些練習本給你。

然而,在有些情況下,盡管與謂語動詞最鄰近的主語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,人們也還是習慣于用單數(shù)謂語動詞。

例如:

There exists，sometimes only in germ and potentially，sometimes more or less developed，the same tendencies and passions which have made our fellow-citizens of other classes what they are.

這里的脾性和情欲,與造成我們其他階級的公民們現(xiàn)狀的脾性和情欲是一樣的,有時只處于萌芽狀態(tài)之中,是潛在的,有時或多或少是發(fā)展了的。

在古英語,甚至在現(xiàn)代詩歌體英語中,當謂語動詞倒裝在幾個并列的主語之前時,其謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)。

例如:

And now abideth、faith、hope、charity、these three.

現(xiàn)在信心希望,博愛三者長存。

It is man's age-long struggle to draw near His Maker，learn His thoughts，discern His law-A boundless task in whose infinitude As in the unfolding light and law of love，Abides our hope and our eternal joy.

靠近上帝,學習其思想,辨明其律法,是人類的長期斗爭-這斗爭無止境,無限量,我們的希望和永樂在此永駐,正如永駐在展現(xiàn)的靈光和愛的律法之中一樣。

例如:

The treasure,gold bars,pearls and rubies,was recovered from the wreck.這些在遇難中丟失的金銀財寶一一金條,珍珠,紅寶石重新找到了.

I,your cousin and now your master,command you.我,你的表哥,你現(xiàn)在的主人,命令你。

例如:

Cold symptoms or headache is the usual first sign.

通常,開始的癥狀是發(fā)冷或頭痛。

Neither you nor I nor anybody else knows that girl in red.

你、我,其他任何人,都不認識那個穿紅衣服的女孩子。

Not only arms and arts，but man himself has yield to the pen.

不僅武器與技藝,就連人自己也向筆桿子屈服了。

例如:

Constantinople，or Istanbul，was the former capital of Turkey.

君士坦丁堡,即伊斯坦布爾,是土耳其從前的首都。

Nitre，or saltpetre，is dug from the earth.

硝酸鈉,也即硝石,是從地里采掘出來的。

例如:

It (i.e. Mathew Arnold's Thyrsis) does not carry the same conviction of distress that Lycidas does；neither the friendship nor the sorrow seem so profound.

它(指馬修.阿諾德的(賽爾西斯)>不像(利西達斯>那樣有說服力地令人感到憂傷,友情與悲傷似乎都不深刻。

Neither the cats nor the dog have been fed.

貓和狗都還沒有得到吃的。

Nor(=Neither) heaven nor earth have been at peace tonight.

今晚天地皆不得安寧。

Neither he nor his wife have arrived.

他和他妻子都沒到。

Neither painting nor fighting feed men.

繪畫和搏斗都不能充饑。

請仔細體會以下各句的涵義：

My life or death are equal both to me.生或死對我都一樣。

A drama or an epic fill the mind and one does not look beyond

them.

一部戲劇或史詩占據(jù)一個人的整個心靈之后,他就不會再渴望別的什么了。

If either David or Janet come，they will want a drink.

如果大衛(wèi)或者珍尼特來的話,他們會想喝一杯的。

Either he or I are in the wrong.

要么是他錯了,要么是我錯了。

例如:

Either he or I is in the wrong.

要么是他錯,要么是我錯。

Neither you nor I is necessary to the progress of that great Methodist Church.

你和我對那個很大的美以美教會的發(fā)展都不是必要的。

下面是Brinkley 所寫的句子:

Not only the house but also the garden are very fine.

房屋和庭園都很華麗。

例如:

John，as much as his brothers，was responsible for the loss.

約翰和他的兄弟同樣要對損失負責。

My friends as well as I myself are ready to help you.

不僅我自己,還有我的朋友們也準備幫助你。

He rather than you is responsible for the present impasse.

對目前的僵局應(yīng)該由他而不是由你負責。

My sisters no less than I are glad to see you.

我的姐妹們和我一樣,見到了你很高興。

例如:

The professor with a number of students was doing experiments in chemistry in the laboratory at that time.

那位教授同許多學生一起當時正在實驗室里做化學實驗。

Mary，together with her sister，has gone to Shanghai.

瑪麗同她姐姐一起都去上海了。

No one except two servants was late for the dinner.

進餐除了兩個仆人外,沒有其他人遲到。

例如:

The headmaster with the rest of the staff were having a heated discussion.

校長阿共地職員一起正在進行熱烈的討論。

My aunt，along with my uncle and three of my cousins，are coming to our house this weekend.

我姑母,姑父和我的三個表兄弟這個周末將來我家。