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詞匯的遺傳與變異?respect, respective和respectively

 空明苑 2018-04-14

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  寫科技論文,經(jīng)常有“...分別進(jìn)行了... ”這類的表述,此時(shí)應(yīng)該用respectively嗎?雖然respective有“各自的”的意思,但是respectively并不能簡單地按“各自地”使用!  

  同源詞匯的詞義往往是遺傳的,但respect, respectiverespectively這三個(gè)單詞詞義的突變太厲害的,厲害到你感覺不到它們的父子關(guān)系。


一、Respect

  Respect既可做名詞,也可作動(dòng)詞,下面只談名詞。

  Respect來自拉丁語的respectus,是往回看(retrospect)的意思。漢文化一向有尊古傳統(tǒng),不知道英語體系是否也有,但是respect的“往回看”確實(shí)有“尊敬、敬重”之意(A feeling of appreciative, often deferential regard; esteem), I have great respect for your work。進(jìn)一步則有被尊重的狀態(tài)之意(The state of being regarded with honor or esteem),如a leader held in the greatest respect。這個(gè)變異已經(jīng)相當(dāng)大了。

  當(dāng)然也不是什么人都能被敬重的,所以你肯定得掂量掂量,于是repsect也有考慮考慮的意思啦(Consideration or appreciation), Can't you at least give me some respect?

  因?yàn)?/span>respect的“往回看”中有“看”(spectview有關(guān))(遺傳的另一個(gè)物種),只要“看”(view)就有視角,于是它也有 A particular aspect(view)之意,如In many respects this is an important decision。進(jìn)而,view也可能抽象化,包括feature, or detail,即“in many respects”不再限于“物理視角”,而是從許多方面(如特性、細(xì)節(jié)等等)

  短語“in(orwith) respect to/”意思是“in reference to”(關(guān)于),此處的respect應(yīng)該是a particular aspectfeature, or detail之意, : In respect to the defense's claim that Ms. Smith acted alone, we have evidence to the contrary(關(guān)于辯護(hù)人Smith女士獨(dú)自行事的說法,我們有相反的證據(jù))。同樣的還有短語in some (or many) respects, In some respects, Anne's comments are similar to yours(在某些方面,安妮的評(píng)論與你的相似); The three proposals are quite differentin many respects(這三項(xiàng)提案在很多方面都有很大不同)。

  但是,短語“with all due respect”的“respect”是“尊敬”的意思,如: With all due respect, sir, I think we could look at this situation differently(尊敬的先生,我想我們可以以不同的方式來看待這種情況)。

 

二、Respective

  Respective是形容詞,只有一個(gè)義項(xiàng),就是存在兩個(gè)或以上的人或事,與各自相關(guān)的,獨(dú)有的(Relating to two or more persons or things regarded individually; particular),如:After the music class, the boy and the girl went home to their respective homes(音樂課結(jié)束后,男孩和女孩回到他們各自的家中);Marie Curie and Albert Einstein both excelled in their respective fields(瑪麗居里和阿爾伯特愛因斯坦在各自的領(lǐng)域都表現(xiàn)出色)

  KFC怎么也搞不清楚respective的義項(xiàng)是怎么遺傳來的(突變太厲害了)。Respectful確實(shí)是“恭敬的,尊敬的,有禮貌的”意思,也有相應(yīng)的副詞respectfully.

  因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)或以上的人或事,所以respective后面的名詞一定要是復(fù)數(shù)。


三、Respectively

 Respectively是第三代(很難與retrospect意思聯(lián)系上了)。它是副詞,但并非與中文“分別地,各自地”簡單對應(yīng),它的意思是“按照指定的或提及的順序逐一依次地”(Singly in the order designated ormentioned),如,"Cathy and Patty like bread and hotdogs, Respectively"—CathyPatty分別喜歡面包和熱狗(Cathy喜歡面包,Patty喜歡熱狗)。像“對AB都分別進(jìn)行了檢測”不可以用respectively,但是“對AB都分別用甲和乙進(jìn)行了檢測”可用respectively。另外respectively要放在句末(前面加不加逗號(hào)都有),而中文的“分別”都是在句中。

  再次強(qiáng)調(diào)像這樣是正確的:Sarah,David and Hameed are awarded the first, the second and the third prize respectively。但像這樣是錯(cuò)誤的:They are awarded the first, the second andthe third prize respectively。一定要“一一對應(yīng)”。

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  再比如“ For men, the proportion of treatment admissions rose from 1.8% in 1998 to 8.1% a decade later; for women, those figures were 3.5% and 13.3%, respectively”也是不正確的(those figures與3.5%和13.3%沒有一一對應(yīng)上)。

  這樣也不當(dāng):The value of Vext was 17, and the value of Vint was 68, respectively;Traces of plutonium were found in the Exeter samples and the London samples,respectively。 因?yàn)檫@里的respectively冗余了。


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