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原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www. 翻譯：聽海的礁石 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處 論壇地址：http://www./bbs/thread-467326-1-1.html Eric Miller, Ph.D. in Cultural anthropology, research professor and applied anthropologist Answered Jun 24, 2014 I know China much better than Japan, though I have been to both and know people from both, as well as quite a few foreigners who have lived and worked in Japan. I think there are some similarities. Foreign people are generally seen as outsiders, and will be as long as they are in the country. They are guests, and so are treated well in both countries. As outsiders, they are not really expected to understand local rules, and are given quite a bit of leeway to make mistakes and speak the language poorly. People appreciate foreigners who speak a little bit of the language and understand a bit of the culture. In China, the more you understand and fit in, the more delighted people will be. In Japan, people might actually be uncomfortable with a foreigner who speaks perfect Japanese and really understands all of the cultural rules. Foreigners are outsiders, and shouldn't get Japanese culture so well. 相較于日本，我更了解中國(guó)。 我在兩個(gè)國(guó)家都生活過，也有一些外國(guó)朋友在日本工作生活。 相同的地方。外國(guó)人通常被視為外來(lái)者，只會(huì)在那個(gè)國(guó)家呆一段時(shí)間。 外國(guó)人是客人，所以在兩個(gè)國(guó)家都被招待得很好。 作為外來(lái)者，外國(guó)人沒被指望了解當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鐣?huì)規(guī)則，在犯錯(cuò)誤和講不好語(yǔ)言方面，他們被留了很大的余地。 兩國(guó)人民很欣賞那些會(huì)講一點(diǎn)語(yǔ)言、懂一點(diǎn)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕耐鈬?guó)人。 在中國(guó)，你越是理解和適應(yīng)中國(guó)文化，中國(guó)人越是高興。 在日本，如果一個(gè)外國(guó)人能將流利的日語(yǔ)、了解日本所有的文化規(guī)則，日本人會(huì)感到不舒服，他們覺得外國(guó)人是外來(lái)者，不應(yīng)該如此了解日本文化。 Lots of young Chinese and Japanese speak English. Chinese overall see more comfortable using their English and seem a bit bolder in approaching foreigners. Japanese seem much more reluctant to approach people to offer help or ask questions. This is a double-edge sword, as Chinese will stare at foreigners, approach them, yell 'hello' at them, ask to take pictures with them. When I was in Japan, some people shouted out 'hello' as I walked by, and it turned out they were Chinese tourists. Once contact is made with Japanese, they seem to take more responsibility to be helpful--walking you to your destination, for example. This is probably a reason they are a bit reluctant to approach people to offer help in the first place--it is a bigger commitment for them. 許多中日的年輕人能講英語(yǔ)?？傮w來(lái)看，中國(guó)人使用英語(yǔ)讓人更舒服，在接近外國(guó)人方面，中國(guó)人也更大膽。 日本人看起來(lái)，似乎更不情愿去接近外國(guó)人提供幫助或提出問題。這是一把雙刃劍。 中國(guó)人會(huì)盯著外國(guó)人看，接近他們，對(duì)他們打招呼“hello”，跟他們一起拍照。 當(dāng)我在日本的時(shí)候，我走近的時(shí)候，有些人沖我喊“hello”，一問，原來(lái)是中國(guó)游客。 跟日本人接觸的話，他們似乎更愿意承擔(dān)幫助的責(zé)任--例如陪你走到你的目的地。 這可能是他們有點(diǎn)不愿提供幫助的原因--因?yàn)樗麄兊某兄Z要更大。 I have heard that in Japan there are restaurants that have signs saying no foreigners are allowed, but I didn't see that. There are hotels in China that will not accept foreign guests, but I have never heard of a restaurant, bar or spa that excludes foreigners. Finally, for foreigners who are Chinese or Japanese, or look like they are, people in both countries will find it disconcerting and a bit unacceptable that they do not speak the language and understand the social rules. This is probably a bit less true in China, where people might feel a bit more admiration and envy of an overseas Chinese. 聽傳聞，說在日本有些餐館掛出告示，說禁止外國(guó)人入內(nèi)，但是我沒有看過。 在中國(guó)，有些旅館是不接受外國(guó)客人的，但是在餐館、酒吧、健身中心，我還沒聽說過有這種情況。 對(duì)于長(zhǎng)得跟他們一樣的華裔和日裔的外國(guó)人，不能講他們的語(yǔ)言，也不懂兩國(guó)的社會(huì)規(guī)則，兩國(guó)的人們都會(huì)感到困惑和有些不能接受。 在中國(guó)的話，這種情況會(huì)比較少，因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)海外的華人還是比較敬佩和羨慕的。 --------------------------------------------------- Why is it that many Chinese people can't speak proper English despite getting schooled heavily in it? Does it have something to do with their culture? Many Indians can read and write English properly despite it not being their mother tongue. 為什么中國(guó)人接受了大量的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，還是說不好英語(yǔ)呢？這跟他們的文化有怎樣的關(guān)系呢？ 許多印度人就可以流暢地讀寫英語(yǔ)啊，盡管英語(yǔ)不是他們的母語(yǔ)。 Eric Miller, Ph.D. in Cultural anthropology, research professor and applied anthropologist Answered Jun 5, 2014 English is primarily used to prepare for exams, as many have noted. But many people genuinely want to learn, or want their children to learn to be able to speak English. I've spoken to teachers eager to improve their teaching of English in the classroom. One fundamental problem is that classes are large and infrequent. You cannot really learn spoken English a few hours a week in a class with 50 students. If an entire hour of class was used solely to encourage students to speak, they could each speak for only just over a minute per class! In my experience with Chinese-language instruction, classes are often tiny, with 15 students at the high end, and many having 4 or less. The lack of opportunity for real-world practice of English is a real challenge. To learn to speak English people do need to actually use it, and for most in China there is just no opportunity. Some people do overcome this obstacle, largely by immersing themselves in English-language video and audio content, such as movies and just really spending a lot of time practicing speaking on their own. Also, it is true that English is actually used as a common language of commerce in India, whereas Mandarin serves that role in China. 正如很多人提到的，英語(yǔ)在中國(guó)主要是用來(lái)考試的。 但是有很多中國(guó)人是真的想學(xué)英語(yǔ)，或希望自己的孩子能說好英語(yǔ)。 我曾經(jīng)跟中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)老師交流過，他們也很想在課堂上提高他們的教學(xué)水平。 一個(gè)根本性的問題，那就是英語(yǔ)課堂太大、次數(shù)太少。 一個(gè)班級(jí)有50名學(xué)生，每周只花幾個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)學(xué)英語(yǔ)，那樣你真的學(xué)不會(huì)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)。 假設(shè)課堂有一個(gè)小時(shí)，只是單純鼓勵(lì)每個(gè)學(xué)生都說出來(lái)，那么每個(gè)人只能講一分鐘多點(diǎn)時(shí)間。 在我學(xué)中文的過程中，班級(jí)規(guī)模都很小，一個(gè)班最多15個(gè)人，許多班都不超過4個(gè)人。 缺乏在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)，是個(gè)真正的挑戰(zhàn)。 要想講好英語(yǔ)，必須實(shí)際運(yùn)用它，但對(duì)大多數(shù)的中國(guó)人來(lái)說，完全沒有那個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。 有些中國(guó)人克服了這個(gè)障礙，他們主要是讓自己沉浸在英文視頻和音頻內(nèi)容里，例如英文電影，而且真的花了大量的時(shí)間練習(xí)自己跟自己說話。 在印度，英語(yǔ)實(shí)際上是通用的商業(yè)語(yǔ)言，然而，在中國(guó)，通用的商業(yè)語(yǔ)言是普通話。 --------------------------------------------------------- What are funeral traditions in China? 中國(guó)的葬禮傳統(tǒng)是怎樣的？ Eric Miller, Ph.D. in Cultural anthropology, research professor and applied anthropologist Answered Jun 17, 2014 They vary, but interestingly, key elements were quite universal in Chinese funerals and it has even been argued by Evelyn Rawski and James Watson that rituals were key to creating a unified Chinese society, and among rituals, the most important was funerals. A rather uniform set of funerary features emerged in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and some of those elements continue to this day. James Watson identifies the following: (1) Public notification of death by wailing and other expressions of grief. (2) Donning of white clothing, shoes, and hoods (made of sackcloth or hemp) by mourners. (3) Ritualized bathing of the corpse. (4) The transfer of food, money, and goods from the living to the dead. (5) The preparation and installation of a soul tablet for the dead. (6) The ritualized use of money and the employment of professionals. (7) Music to accompany the corpse and settle the spirit. (8) Sealing the corpse in an airtight coffin. (9) Expulsion of the coffin from the community.* While Taoists and Buddhists can play an important role, the structure and function of the funeral itself is arguably Confucian. 中國(guó)的葬禮傳統(tǒng)與西方的不一樣，但是很有趣。核心元素在中國(guó)的葬禮中是普遍存在的。 就此，人類學(xué)家拉夫斯基和沃森還專門討論過。 他們認(rèn)為，儀式是中國(guó)社會(huì)統(tǒng)一的關(guān)鍵，而在儀式中，最重要的就是葬禮。 明清時(shí)期，中國(guó)出現(xiàn)了相當(dāng)統(tǒng)一的喪葬特征，其中的一些風(fēng)俗今天還在延用。 沃森總結(jié)了以下特征： 1 通過哀嚎和其他悲傷的方式公開通告死亡 2 哀悼者穿上白色的衣服、鞋子和帽子（由麻布制成） 3 儀式化的方式沐浴死者 4 將食物、錢幣和物品，從生者轉(zhuǎn)移到死者身上 5 為死者準(zhǔn)備和安立靈魂的石碑 6 雇傭?qū)I(yè)人員，儀式化地使用錢幣 7 吹奏音樂陪伴死者，讓靈魂安息 8 密封存放死者的棺材 9 將棺材送出村莊或社區(qū) 雖然道教和佛教在其中發(fā)揮了重要作用，但葬禮儀式本身的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能可以說是儒家的。 Where I lived in rural Shandong, rites were performed by lay people without involvement of priests. The ritual had been shortened from 3 days to 1 day. Most of the above elements remain, though cremation is now practiced prior to burial. Certainly, rice was not offered, but other foods and drink were. In the north there are also less paper offerings of objects like houses, cars, and iphones and more focus on money. Also, today it is popular for mourners to give gifts of large flower wreaths memorializing the dead. Usually, these are made of paper flowers. In the past, rural funerals were held in homes, but increasingly these are being held in funeral homes. 我在山東農(nóng)村的時(shí)候，葬禮是由普通人執(zhí)行的，他們也沒有請(qǐng)祭司什么的。 葬禮也從原來(lái)的3天縮短到1天。上面講的大部分特征都還存在著，但現(xiàn)在安葬前要先火化。 當(dāng)然，那兒沒有出現(xiàn)米飯，但其他的食物和酒水都是有的。 在那個(gè)地方，紙?jiān)姆孔?、汽車和蘋果手機(jī)等比較少見，主要是紙錢。 現(xiàn)在也流行追悼的人給死者送上大花圈，通常，那些都是紙做的。 在過去，農(nóng)村的葬禮通常都是在家中舉行，但現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的在殯儀館舉行了。 |
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來(lái)自： 徒步者的收藏 > 《國(guó)外網(wǎng)友看》
