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試試這四招,告別“小學(xué)一年級作文水平”

 張海露Eric 2020-11-02

掌握基本套路,先寫出一個正確的句子中我和大家分享了句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu),目的是幫助大家能夠?qū)懗鲆粋€正確的句子。今天我們聊一聊如何寫好一個句子,我們先從choppy sentence說起。

值得注意的一點是,我在文中盡量不講術(shù)語(因為我也不知道具體是啥),希望大家能夠理解句子的本質(zhì)掌握它的討論,不需要過于糾結(jié)術(shù)語。

# 什么是Choppy sentence?

Choppy這個詞在字典中的意思是“波浪起伏的”,除此之外它還有一個意思:marked by sudden stops and starts, not connected smoothly。Choppy sentence就是一段話由大量的短句、簡單句構(gòu)成,造成的結(jié)果是過于啰嗦,先感受一下這兩段中文:

我5:30起床。我穿衣服。我刷牙洗臉。我吃早餐。我上班去。

我5:30起床,緊接著我會穿衣服、刷牙洗臉、吃早餐,然后去上班。

第一句話就是一個choppy sentence,第二句話重新組合了一下就連貫了很多。舉一個英文的例子:

英語相比中文來說更“惜字如金”,能不重復(fù)的地方就不重復(fù),能用一句話說清楚的別用兩句 -- Cut meaningless and repeated words and obvious implications. 

例如The boy asked his father a question. The boy is five years old. The question was about death. 這句話說的太啰嗦了,我們可以直接寫成The five-year-old boy asked his father a question about death.  

# 怎么破?

1?? 利用連詞按邏輯把句子連起來

主要用到的連詞有:and, but, or, nor, yet, for, so。這個方法其實就是把“簡單句” (simple sentence)變成了“復(fù)合句”(compound sentence),復(fù)合句相比來說可以讓我們表達(dá)更復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容。

Choppy

She took dance classes. She had no natural grace or sense of rhythm. She eventually gave up the idea of becoming a dancer.

Revised

She took dance classes, but she had no natural grace or sense of rhythm, so she eventually gave up the idea of becoming a dancer. 

2?? 把其中一個句子變成“非獨立句”(dependent sentence)

先看這個句子:Bears emerge from hibernation in the spring. They wander through wetlands. They feed mainly on grasses.

這段話中有三個簡單句,主語都是bears,我們可以把他們寫成一個句子:When bears emerge from hibernation in the spring, they wander through wetlands and feed mainly on grasses. 

句子發(fā)生了什么變化?首先后兩個句子用and連在了一起,然后把Bears emerge from hibernation in the spring. 這個完整的獨立的句子變成了一個“非獨立的句子”,用When來引導(dǎo)。

這種方法的本質(zhì)是把句子變成了“復(fù)合復(fù)雜句”(compound-complex sentence):用if, when, after這樣的詞引導(dǎo)一個“非獨立句”,然后再寫一個完整的復(fù)合句。

3??  用同位語插入

Choppy

Eric has denied an interest in running for the senate. Eric is the former governor of Minnesota.

Revised

Eric, the former governor of Minnesota, has denied an interest in running for the senate. 

利用同位語很多時候比從句更加的簡潔,例如最新一期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中國板塊中有這樣一句話:

EIGHTEEN helicopters land with a roar at Zhurihe, a military base in Inner Mongolia. Troops pour onto the endless prairie in a mock airborne assault, marking, said China Daily, a state-owned newspaper, “the first time the People’s Liberation Army had presented fighting manoeuvres in a parade” (troops usually just march up and down). 

這里出現(xiàn)了...at Zhurihe, a military base in Inner Mongolia. 我們寫成...at Zhurihe, which is a military base in Inner Mongolia. 也可以的,不過這里可以把which is省去,這樣比較“利索”。后面的...China Daily, a state-owned newspaper也是同樣的道理。

4??  用分詞,把其中一句變成修飾句

Choppy

My aunt is very strict with my cousin. She expects her to study all the time.

Revised

My aunt is very strict with my cousin, expecting her to study all the time. 

大家可能會說,這句話可不可以變成:

My aunt is very strict with my counsin and expects her to study all the time.

最好不要這樣寫,因為這里有一個and,我們最好遵守“平行結(jié)構(gòu)” (parallel construction),是句子結(jié)構(gòu)保持平衡。例如Eric is handsome and has good sense. 就不平衡,可以改成:Eric is handsome and sensible.

Choppy

I was exhausted. I stared at the page. I was unable to comprehend a single word.

Revised

Exhausted, I stared at the page, unable to comprehend a single word.

旋元佑老師在《文法俱樂部》中說:

作文中若只用單句,除了風(fēng)格不夠成熟外,表達(dá)力亦嫌薄弱。間雜復(fù)句、合句于文中,則有助于表達(dá)較為復(fù)雜的觀念,亦可豐富舉行的變化,是風(fēng)格趨于成熟。然而,復(fù)句、合居包含兩個以上的子句,期間往往有重復(fù)的元素,因而有進(jìn)一步精簡的空間。

他認(rèn)為簡單句是初級句型,而復(fù)句、合句是中級句型,而把句子減化才是高級句型。例如他在書中舉了這樣的例子:

1. Beer is most delicious.

2. It is chilled to 6 ℃.

3. (A) Beer which is chilled to 6 ℃ is most delicious.

4. Beer chiled to 6  ℃ is most delicious.

比較一下我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)第4個句子和第3個表達(dá)的意思是一樣的,但是更簡潔。我們平時在寫作中要注意不要過度使用從句,要看看這句話能否寫得更簡潔。平時我們在閱讀的過程總也要注意賞析,看作者是如何安排組織語言安排結(jié)構(gòu)的。例如這期《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的封面文章中有這樣一句話:

In charge of this terrifying arsenal is a man who was brought up as a demigod and cares nothing for human life -- witness the innocents beaten to death with hammers in his gigantic gulag. 

這段話中我們可以學(xué)習(xí)到In charge of this terrifying arsenal is a man這部分是倒裝,那為什么會這么寫呢?試比較下面這兩個句子:

The man who is in charge of this terrifying arsenal was brrought up...

In charge of this terrifying arsenal is a man who was brought up...

很明顯第二句要比第一句好,把主語a man放在了句子后面可以很方便地接從句,使得主語的內(nèi)容更加詳細(xì)。這樣的句型就是值得觀察、理解和模仿的。

但是大家請注意,上面說了這么多,并不是說鼓勵大家寫長句子。句子要有長有短才行。

# 長句還是短句?

《英語修辭大全》中說:

The rhetorical effect of long or short sentences depends on purpose and context. Without an appropriate purpose or context, short sentences used abundantly in a passage only make for choppiness and monotony. Likewise, too many long sentences can make a passage heavy and laborious.

Skillful writers, however, can exlpoit variation in sentence length to great effect to express different moods or attitudes, to describe action or events or to emphasize a point. 

無論是長是短一定要從目的和情景出發(fā)。例如下面這段話你怎么看:

Dick Boulton looked at the doctor. Dick was big man. He knew how big a man he was. He liked to get into fights. He was happy.

可能大家會覺得這段話寫得“太小學(xué)生了吧”。這段話出自大文豪海明威的作品The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife,他用這段話來表現(xiàn)出Dick這個人物和醫(yī)生的沖突,于是才選用了這樣的表達(dá)方式。

讀書會這期讀的是Peak 《刻意練習(xí)》,群內(nèi)的一位朋友小咪就對文中長短句進(jìn)行了賞析,在此分享給大家:

原文地址:http://www.jianshu.com/p/4e44c7de144e

在內(nèi)容上,我注意到了作者對于短句的使用。有個比較極端/典型的例子是:

They practiced. A lot.

短句有力,力量強(qiáng)大,非常能夠抓住讀者注意力。此處講They practiced a lot. 特意分成兩句話去寫,就是為了突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)多次練習(xí)的重要性。再例如,段首句:

These are not isolated examples.

讀到這句,身為讀者的我自然而然就會追問 -- 既然并不是孤立的例子,那這些在不同領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)極為優(yōu)秀突出的人們到底有什么共性呢?除了短句之外,我還關(guān)注了作者寫長句的時所采用的結(jié)構(gòu)。比較突出的一點是,常用插入語,而不是一味地寫從句。類似的句型極其多,在此之舉兩個例子:

Long term memory doesn't have the same limitations -- in fact, no one has ever found the upper limits of long-term memory -- but it takes much longer to deploy.

I was reading the digits at a rate of one per second -- too fast for him to transfer the digits into his long-term memory -- so it was no surprise that he was running into a wall at numbers that were about eight or nine digits long.

對于我們這些英語學(xué)習(xí)者來說來說,長句讀起來相對費勁,寫起來更容易出錯。合理使用破折號等標(biāo)點符號,插入語等成分是幫助減輕認(rèn)知負(fù)擔(dān)的好方式,檢查時也更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤。

另外一點就是,永遠(yuǎn)不要為了寫長句而去寫。一個句子應(yīng)該是一個完整的意思,長是因為包含更多的細(xì)節(jié)而非將幾個不同意思硬湊在一起。比如上面的第二個例子,講的是“我以一秒一個數(shù)字的速度念出來(這個速度太快了,他沒有時間將數(shù)字存儲為長期記憶),導(dǎo)致他總是卡在八九個數(shù)字的水平上跨不過去?!?其核心意思是:速度太快,導(dǎo)致失敗。 非常簡單的一個意思,沒有多余的idea,但說清需要一些細(xì)節(jié)幫助理解,這就是兩個破折號中文字出現(xiàn)的意義。

總結(jié)來看:句子是完整表意的基本結(jié)構(gòu),長短只是結(jié)構(gòu)差異。短句表意鮮明且有力,通常是truth claim或者論點。長句包含更多的細(xì)節(jié),經(jīng)常是做explanation或者narrative.

利用翻譯的思路來突破英語進(jìn)階學(xué)習(xí)

掌握基本套路,先寫出一個正確的句子

推薦一個學(xué)習(xí)語法和寫作的網(wǎng)站

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