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Java 8日期/時(shí)間( Date/Time)API是開(kāi)發(fā)人員最受追捧的變化之一,Java從一開(kāi)始就沒(méi)有對(duì)日期時(shí)間處理的一致性方法,因此日期/時(shí)間API也是除Java核心API以外另一項(xiàng)倍受歡迎的內(nèi)容。 為什么我們需要新的Java日期/時(shí)間API?在開(kāi)始研究Java 8日期/時(shí)間API之前,讓我們先來(lái)看一下為什么我們需要這樣一個(gè)新的API。在Java中,現(xiàn)有的與日期和時(shí)間相關(guān)的類(lèi)存在諸多問(wèn)題,其中有:
在現(xiàn)有的日期和日歷類(lèi)中定義的方法還存在一些其他的問(wèn)題,但以上問(wèn)題已經(jīng)很清晰地表明:Java需要一個(gè)健壯的日期/時(shí)間類(lèi)。這也是為什么Joda Time在Java日期/時(shí)間需求中扮演了高質(zhì)量替換的重要角色。
Java 8日期/時(shí)間APIJava 8日期/時(shí)間API是JSR-310的實(shí)現(xiàn),它的實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)是克服舊的日期時(shí)間實(shí)現(xiàn)中所有的缺陷,新的日期/時(shí)間API的一些設(shè)計(jì)原則是:
Java日期/時(shí)間API包Java日期/時(shí)間API包含以下相應(yīng)的包。
Java日期/時(shí)間API示例我們已經(jīng)瀏覽了Java日期/時(shí)間API的大多數(shù)重要部分,現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候根據(jù)示例仔細(xì)看一下最重要的一些類(lèi)了。
1. java.time.LocalDate:LocalDate是一個(gè)不可變的類(lèi),它表示默認(rèn)格式(yyyy-MM-dd)的日期,我們可以使用now()方法得到當(dāng)前時(shí)間,也可以提供輸入年份、月份和日期的輸入?yún)?shù)來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)LocalDate實(shí)例。該類(lèi)為now()方法提供了重載方法,我們可以傳入ZoneId來(lái)獲得指定時(shí)區(qū)的日期。該類(lèi)提供與java.sql.Date相同的功能,對(duì)于如何使用該類(lèi),我們來(lái)看一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.Month;
import java.time.ZoneId;
/**
* LocalDate Examples
* @author pankaj
*
*/
public class LocalDateExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current Date
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Current Date="+today);
//Creating LocalDate by providing input arguments
LocalDate firstDay_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1);
System.out.println("Specific Date="+firstDay_2014);
//Try creating date by providing invalid inputs
//LocalDate feb29_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 29);
//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
//Invalid date 'February 29' as '2014' is not a leap year
//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
LocalDate todayKolkata = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);
//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
//LocalDate todayIST = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
LocalDate dateFromBase = LocalDate.ofEpochDay(365);
System.out.println("365th day from base date= "+dateFromBase);
LocalDate hundredDay2014 = LocalDate.ofYearDay(2014, 100);
System.out.println("100th day of 2014="+hundredDay2014);
}
}
示例方法的詳解都包含在注釋內(nèi),當(dāng)我們運(yùn)行程序時(shí),可以得到以下輸出:
Current Date=2014-04-28 Specific Date=2014-01-01 Current Date in IST=2014-04-29 365th day from base date= 1971-01-01 100th day of 2014=2014-04-10 2. java.time.LocalTime:LocalTime是一個(gè)不可變的類(lèi),它的實(shí)例代表一個(gè)符合人類(lèi)可讀格式的時(shí)間,默認(rèn)格式是hh:mm:ss.zzz。像LocalDate一樣,該類(lèi)也提供了時(shí)區(qū)支持,同時(shí)也可以傳入小時(shí)、分鐘和秒等輸入?yún)?shù)創(chuàng)建實(shí)例,我們來(lái)看一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的程序,演示該類(lèi)的使用方法。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;
/**
* LocalTime Examples
* @author pankaj
*
*/
public class LocalTimeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current Time
LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();
System.out.println("Current Time="+time);
//Creating LocalTime by providing input arguments
LocalTime specificTime = LocalTime.of(12,20,25,40);
System.out.println("Specific Time of Day="+specificTime);
//Try creating time by providing invalid inputs
//LocalTime invalidTime = LocalTime.of(25,20);
//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
//Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25
//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
LocalTime timeKolkata = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
System.out.println("Current Time in IST="+timeKolkata);
//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
//LocalTime todayIST = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
LocalTime specificSecondTime = LocalTime.ofSecondOfDay(10000);
System.out.println("10000th second time= "+specificSecondTime);
}
}
當(dāng)運(yùn)行以上程序時(shí),可以看到如下輸出。
Current Time=15:51:45.240 Specific Time of Day=12:20:25.000000040 Current Time in IST=04:21:45.276 10000th second time= 02:46:40 3. java.time.LocalDateTime:LocalDateTime是一個(gè)不可變的日期-時(shí)間對(duì)象,它表示一組日期-時(shí)間,默認(rèn)格式是yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss.zzz。它提供了一個(gè)工廠方法,接收LocalDate和LocalTime輸入?yún)?shù),創(chuàng)建LocalDateTime實(shí)例。我們來(lái)看一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.Month;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
public class LocalDateTimeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current Date
LocalDateTime today = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);
//Current Date using LocalDate and LocalTime
today = LocalDateTime.of(LocalDate.now(), LocalTime.now());
System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);
//Creating LocalDateTime by providing input arguments
LocalDateTime specificDate = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1, 10, 10, 30);
System.out.println("Specific Date="+specificDate);
//Try creating date by providing invalid inputs
//LocalDateTime feb29_2014 = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 28, 25,1,1);
//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:
//Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25
//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc
LocalDateTime todayKolkata = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));
System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);
//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST
//LocalDateTime todayIST = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));
//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970
LocalDateTime dateFromBase = LocalDateTime.ofEpochSecond(10000, 0, ZoneOffset.UTC);
System.out.println("10000th second time from 01/01/1970= "+dateFromBase);
}
}
在所有這三個(gè)例子中,我們已經(jīng)看到如果我們提供了無(wú)效的參數(shù)去創(chuàng)建日期/時(shí)間,那么系統(tǒng)會(huì)拋出java.time.DateTimeException,這是一種運(yùn)行時(shí)異常,我們并不需要顯式地捕獲它。
同時(shí)我們也看到,能夠通過(guò)傳入ZoneId得到日期/時(shí)間數(shù)據(jù),你可以從它的Javadoc中得到支持的Zoneid的列表,當(dāng)運(yùn)行以上類(lèi)時(shí),可以得到以下輸出。
Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.455 Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.493 Specific Date=2014-01-01T10:10:30 Current Date in IST=2014-04-29T04:30:49.493 10000th second time from 01/01/1970= 1970-01-01T02:46:40 4. java.time.Instant:Instant類(lèi)是用在機(jī)器可讀的時(shí)間格式上的,它以Unix時(shí)間戳的形式存儲(chǔ)日期時(shí)間,我們來(lái)看一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的程序。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Instant;
public class InstantExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Current timestamp
Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
System.out.println("Current Timestamp = "+timestamp);
//Instant from timestamp
Instant specificTime = Instant.ofEpochMilli(timestamp.toEpochMilli());
System.out.println("Specific Time = "+specificTime);
//Duration example
Duration thirtyDay = Duration.ofDays(30);
System.out.println(thirtyDay);
}
}
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">上述程序的輸出是:</span> Current Timestamp = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z Specific Time = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z PT720H 5. 日期API工具:我們?cè)缧r(shí)候提到過(guò),大多數(shù)日期/時(shí)間API類(lèi)都實(shí)現(xiàn)了一系列工具方法,如:加/減天數(shù)、周數(shù)、月份數(shù),等等。還有其他的工具方法能夠使用TemporalAdjuster調(diào)整日期,并計(jì)算兩個(gè)日期間的周期。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.Period;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;
public class DateAPIUtilities {
public static void main(String[] args) {
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
//Get the Year, check if it's leap year
System.out.println("Year "+today.getYear()+" is Leap Year? "+today.isLeapYear());
//Compare two LocalDate for before and after
System.out.println("Today is before 01/01/2015? "+today.isBefore(LocalDate.of(2015,1,1)));
//Create LocalDateTime from LocalDate
System.out.println("Current Time="+today.atTime(LocalTime.now()));
//plus and minus operations
System.out.println("10 days after today will be "+today.plusDays(10));
System.out.println("3 weeks after today will be "+today.plusWeeks(3));
System.out.println("20 months after today will be "+today.plusMonths(20));
System.out.println("10 days before today will be "+today.minusDays(10));
System.out.println("3 weeks before today will be "+today.minusWeeks(3));
System.out.println("20 months before today will be "+today.minusMonths(20));
//Temporal adjusters for adjusting the dates
System.out.println("First date of this month= "+today.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth()));
LocalDate lastDayOfYear = today.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfYear());
System.out.println("Last date of this year= "+lastDayOfYear);
Period period = today.until(lastDayOfYear);
System.out.println("Period Format= "+period);
System.out.println("Months remaining in the year= "+period.getMonths());
}
}
上述程序的輸出是:
Year 2014 is Leap Year? false Today is before 01/01/2015? true Current Time=2014-04-28T16:23:53.154 10 days after today will be 2014-05-08 3 weeks after today will be 2014-05-19 20 months after today will be 2015-12-28 10 days before today will be 2014-04-18 3 weeks before today will be 2014-04-07 20 months before today will be 2012-08-28 First date of this month= 2014-04-01 Last date of this year= 2014-12-31 Period Format= P8M3D Months remaining in the year= 8 6. 解析和格式化:將一個(gè)日期格式轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的格式,之后再解析一個(gè)字符串,得到日期時(shí)間對(duì)象,這些都是很常見(jiàn)的。我們來(lái)看一下簡(jiǎn)單的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class DateParseFormatExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Format examples
LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDate="+date);
//specific format
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu")));
System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime="+dateTime);
//specific format
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss")));
System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
Instant timestamp = Instant.now();
//default format
System.out.println("Default format of Instant="+timestamp);
//Parse examples
LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.parse("27::Apr::2014 21::39::48",
DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss"));
System.out.println("Default format after parsing = "+dt);
}
}
當(dāng)運(yùn)行以上程序時(shí),可以看到如下輸出。 Default format of LocalDate=2014-04-28 28::Apr::2014 20140428 Default format of LocalDateTime=2014-04-28T16:25:49.341 28::Apr::2014 16::25::49 20140428 Default format of Instant=2014-04-28T23:25:49.342Z Default format after parsing = 2014-04-27T21:39:48 7. 舊的日期時(shí)間支持:舊的日期/時(shí)間類(lèi)已經(jīng)在幾乎所有的應(yīng)用程序中使用,因此做到向下兼容是必須的。這也是為什么會(huì)有若干工具方法幫助我們將舊的類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換為新的類(lèi),反之亦然。我們來(lái)看一下簡(jiǎn)單的例子。
package com.journaldev.java8.time;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.TimeZone;
public class DateAPILegacySupport {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Date to Instant
Instant timestamp = new Date().toInstant();
//Now we can convert Instant to LocalDateTime or other similar classes
LocalDateTime date = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(timestamp,
ZoneId.of(ZoneId.SHORT_IDS.get("PST")));
System.out.println("Date = "+date);
//Calendar to Instant
Instant time = Calendar.getInstance().toInstant();
System.out.println(time);
//TimeZone to ZoneId
ZoneId defaultZone = TimeZone.getDefault().toZoneId();
System.out.println(defaultZone);
//ZonedDateTime from specific Calendar
ZonedDateTime gregorianCalendarDateTime = new GregorianCalendar().toZonedDateTime();
System.out.println(gregorianCalendarDateTime);
//Date API to Legacy classes
Date dt = Date.from(Instant.now());
System.out.println(dt);
TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone(defaultZone);
System.out.println(tz);
GregorianCalendar gc = GregorianCalendar.from(gregorianCalendarDateTime);
System.out.println(gc);
}
}
當(dāng)運(yùn)行以上程序時(shí),可以看到如下輸出。
Date = 2014-04-28T16:28:54.340 2014-04-28T23:28:54.395Z America/Los_Angeles 2014-04-28T16:28:54.404-07:00[America/Los_Angeles] Mon Apr 28 16:28:54 PDT 2014 sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]] java.util.GregorianCalendar[time=1398727734404,areFieldsSet=true,areAllFieldsSet=true,lenient=true,zone=sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo[id="America/Los_Angeles",offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,transitions=185,lastRule=java.util.SimpleTimeZone[id=America/Los_Angeles,offset=-28800000,dstSavings=3600000,useDaylight=true,startYear=0,startMode=3,startMonth=2,startDay=8,startDayOfWeek=1,startTime=7200000,startTimeMode=0,endMode=3,endMonth=10,endDay=1,endDayOfWeek=1,endTime=7200000,endTimeMode=0]],firstDayOfWeek=2,minimalDaysInFirstWeek=4,ERA=1,YEAR=2014,MONTH=3,WEEK_OF_YEAR=18,WEEK_OF_MONTH=5,DAY_OF_MONTH=28,DAY_OF_YEAR=118,DAY_OF_WEEK=2,DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH=4,AM_PM=1,HOUR=4,HOUR_OF_DAY=16,MINUTE=28,SECOND=54,MILLISECOND=404,ZONE_OFFSET=-28800000,DST_OFFSET=3600000] 你可以看到,舊的TimeZone和GregorianCalendar類(lèi)的toString()方法太啰嗦了,一點(diǎn)都不友好。
這就是所有的Java 8 日期/時(shí)間API的內(nèi)容,我非常喜歡這個(gè)API,它易于使用,同時(shí)它采取了某項(xiàng)工作,使相似的方法也易于尋找,雖然從舊的類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)移到新的日期時(shí)間類(lèi)需要消耗一定的時(shí)間,但我相信這是值得的。
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