在考研英語(yǔ)閱讀中，考生往往覺(jué)得閱讀時(shí)間不夠，或者抓不住重點(diǎn)，似懂非懂。究其原因，還是閱讀基本功差，以及老師訓(xùn)練方法失當(dāng)所致。這病得治療！那么，怎么破？

一、跳過(guò)干擾信息

      如果在考試中遇到同位語(yǔ)，較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)（如人物的身份，句子中間的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句），插入語(yǔ)，很長(zhǎng)的專(zhuān)有名詞等，可以使用我在基礎(chǔ)班中教授的閱讀三劍客之跳讀法，略過(guò)這些信息跳過(guò)不讀。

    I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,”  preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. （2001年text5）

    George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.（2002年text4）

      “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”(2000年text 1)

［分析］

    這些信息在文章里出現(xiàn)，目的是為了干擾視線(xiàn)。實(shí)際，沒(méi)有必要去弄明白默某人是什么大學(xué)的什么教授，也不必著急去了解美國(guó)一個(gè)部門(mén)的全稱(chēng)或是縮寫(xiě)是什么意思，因?yàn)轭}目中很少直接考這些信息，即使做題時(shí)需要此類(lèi)信息，人名專(zhuān)有名詞也很好在文章中定位。

［對(duì)策］

  建議1：看到主句結(jié)束時(shí)出現(xiàn)了逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)，要有一種意識(shí)，這常常是開(kāi)始干擾我們的信息，此時(shí)應(yīng)該快速找下一個(gè)逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)，兩個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)之間的字可以一掃而過(guò)，目光不許在此停留細(xì)讀，迅速找到第二個(gè)逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)后面的第一個(gè)詞是否是動(dòng)詞，如果是，判斷一下與第一個(gè)逗號(hào)或是破折號(hào)前的主語(yǔ)是否一致，以此種方法快速確立句子主干。如何提高這個(gè)敏感度：多練。

   建議2: 在快速抓大意時(shí)，一定要把主謂標(biāo)出來(lái)，這樣一旦需要回原文找答案，可以迅速看清句子，避免浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

    At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelinesfor tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

   While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, inBritain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

二、智取長(zhǎng)難句

   閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句有：

    1非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

   2強(qiáng)調(diào)句

   3同位語(yǔ)從句

   4虛擬語(yǔ)氣

   5倒裝句

    6省略句

   7形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)

    第一種難句在閱讀中最常見(jiàn)，就是說(shuō)主謂之間通常以定語(yǔ)從句，主要是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句分割開(kāi)來(lái)。對(duì)這類(lèi)長(zhǎng)難句，可按下列方式處理：先抓主干——主句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，尤其是謂語(yǔ)，找出句子最核心的部分，再層層向下擴(kuò)展，清理各部分的修飾成分。

    I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of 'juggling your life',and making the alternative move into 'downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

[參考譯文]

或許正像凱爾西在不堪積勞重負(fù)而公開(kāi)地辭去她在《她》雜志社的編輯一職之后一樣，我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，放棄那種'為生活忙碌'的人生信條并轉(zhuǎn)而追求比較悠閑的生活帶給你的回報(bào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于經(jīng)濟(jì)成功和社會(huì)地位。

    第四種難句——虛擬語(yǔ)氣較難理解。在考研閱讀中虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種讓步語(yǔ)氣:作者一般先闡述并正面論證自己的觀點(diǎn)，然后從反面論證自己的觀點(diǎn)——假設(shè)相反的觀點(diǎn)成立，由其推出一個(gè)不能成立或是不好的結(jié)論，這樣反正作者的觀點(diǎn)是正確的。作者常以虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)反證自己的觀點(diǎn)。可以將虛擬語(yǔ)氣理解成一中反事實(shí)假設(shè)，也就是作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度之間相反。審題時(shí)要注意問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn)還是作者虛擬的觀點(diǎn)，后者是作者反對(duì)的觀點(diǎn)。

［例如］

    Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”

    假如像他們的論文反應(yīng)的那樣，科學(xué)家們也想看到規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么，如果管理者們歧視研究者中的“怪人”，而喜歡“善于合作”的，具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，這也是無(wú)可指責(zé)的。

三、 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的作用

    閱讀所涉及的主要標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)有：

    1逗號(hào)：兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間或一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后的內(nèi)容是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明部分

    2 破折號(hào)：兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間后一個(gè)破折號(hào)之后的內(nèi)容是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明部分

    A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of    the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor.

    3 分號(hào)：分號(hào)前后的部分是并列關(guān)系，包括結(jié)構(gòu)上的并列和語(yǔ)意上的并列

    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain    astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher    oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to    conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.

   4 冒號(hào)：冒號(hào)連接從抽象到具體的過(guò)程，冒號(hào)后面的東西具體說(shuō)明前面的內(nèi)容

    His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and    then repeat a random series of numbers.

   5 括號(hào)：括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容對(duì)括號(hào)前的東西補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或解釋的作用（超綱詞常以括號(hào)進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)?/strong>

   As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times of financial setback – aback-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.

   6 引號(hào)：引號(hào)一般表示引用別人的觀點(diǎn)，所引用的內(nèi)容或者支持作者的觀點(diǎn)，或者是作者所批判的對(duì)象；有時(shí)引號(hào)表示說(shuō)反話(huà)，就是說(shuō)作者對(duì)引號(hào)的東西持負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)。在閱讀中，要注意前五種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)對(duì)于閱讀速度和推測(cè)詞義的作用，如補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明部分可以先不看，抓住主干后再看。另外，假如一個(gè)單詞意思不清楚，可以利用上下文，尤其是上下句進(jìn)行推斷。如由于分號(hào)連接的兩部分一般意思相同，那么可以由一部分的意思推測(cè)出另一部分的意思。對(duì)于引號(hào)，閱讀時(shí)要思考所引用的內(nèi)容和作者的觀點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。

［舉例］

    How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School ofGovernment. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. AndWilliam Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”

[參考譯文]

情況的變化真快! 1995年，當(dāng)日本還在奮力拼搏的時(shí)候，美國(guó)卻可以對(duì)5年的穩(wěn)固發(fā)展作一回顧了。沒(méi)幾個(gè)美國(guó)人將這一巨變單純歸因于美元貶值或商業(yè)周期循環(huán)這些顯而易見(jiàn)的原因。到如今，對(duì)自身的懷疑已被盲目樂(lè)觀所取代。［以上是作者的觀點(diǎn)］  “美國(guó)的工業(yè)已經(jīng)改變了結(jié)構(gòu)，消除了滯脹，學(xué)會(huì)了明智”，這是哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪管理學(xué)院行政院長(zhǎng)理查德·卡佛納的看法。華盛頓特區(qū)的智囊團(tuán)——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫爾說(shuō)，“看到我們的企業(yè)正在提高自身的生產(chǎn)率，作為一個(gè)美國(guó)人，我感到自豪?！惫鹕虒W(xué)院的威廉·薩爾曼相信人們將會(huì)把這一時(shí)期視為“美國(guó)企業(yè)管理的黃金時(shí)代”。［作者引用的論據(jù)］