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只用which,不能用that作先行詞的情況

 書法初步 2016-04-11

只用which,不能用that作先行詞的情況

(1) 在介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞之前形成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來修飾表事物的先行詞時, 關(guān)系代詞必須用which.例如:

① The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。

② This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書。

注意: 如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語從句的句首, which就可換為that, 例如: This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過的問題。

(2) 先行詞為“those+表事物的復數(shù)名詞”時, 關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that.例如:

①Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 學生應牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準則。

②A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 書店應該經(jīng)營新出版的各種暢銷書。

[考題1] All ____ is needed is a supply of oil. (1989)

A. the thing B. that C. what D. which

[答案] B

[解析] 先行詞是不定代詞all, 其限定性定語從句應由關(guān)系代詞that引導, 在該定語從句中充當主語。

考點72: who/whom引導的定語從句的用法

who、 whom可以引導定語從句, 修飾表示人的先行詞, 在從句中分別充當主語和賓語(在非正式場合下, 除非緊跟于介詞之后, who經(jīng)??梢源嬖诙ㄕZ從句中作賓語的whom)。例如:

1. The visitor who came yesterday is Tom. 昨天來訪的那個人是湯姆。(who引導修飾visitor的限定性定語從句, 并且在該從句中充當主語)

2. His friends, who had tried to dissuade him from smoking, did not succeed. 他的那些已經(jīng)盡力勸阻他抽煙的朋友們并沒有成功。(who引導修飾friends的非限定性定語從句并且在該從句中充當主語)

3. First came Mary, whom few of us had expected. 首先來的是我們當中幾乎沒有人料到的瑪麗。(whom引導修飾Mary的非限定性定語從句并且在該從句中充當賓語, 這里的whom可以被who所代替)

4. He is John to whom you ought to address the request. 他是約翰, 你應該向他提出此項請求。(whom引導修飾John的非限定性定語從句并且在該從句中充當介詞to的賓語, 這里緊跟于介詞to之后的whom不可以被who代替)

注意: that引導限定性定語從句修飾表示人的先行詞時, 通??梢耘cwho換用。不緊跟在介詞后的whom和that通??梢該Q用(緊跟在介詞后的whom不可以被that代替)。例如: The scientist who/that discovers a cure for cancer will be great. 發(fā)現(xiàn)治愈癌癥的方法的科學家將會因此而偉大。// Jim is the man with whom she talked. 跟她說過話的那個人是吉姆。

[考題1] Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ don’t. (2006北京)

A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who C. who; who D. 不填; 不填

[答案] C

[解析] 兩個下劃線處分別引導定語從句修飾表示人的women、 those, 并且在定語從句內(nèi)部充當主語, 均應采用who的形式。

[考題2] The famous basketball star, ____ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002北京春)

A. where B. when C. which D. who

[答案] D

[解析] Who引導非限定性定語從句, 修飾先行詞star.

[考題3] He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years. (2002上海春)

A. is B. are C. have been D. has been

[答案] D

[解析] 被who所引導的限定性定語從句所修飾的先行詞是表達單數(shù)含義的“the only one”(of the students是the only one的后置定語), 題干中的“for three years”意味著應采用現(xiàn)在完成時表示已經(jīng)贏得獎學金的情況, 因此本題只能選D.

[考題4] In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help. (1992)

A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

[答案] D

[解析] “turn to sb. (for sth.)”是表示“(就某事或某物)求助于某人”的固定搭配。介詞to必不可少, 可以緊跟介詞to后引導定語從句, 修飾表示人的先行詞person的關(guān)系代詞只能是whom, 所以下劃線處應是“to whom”的形式。

[考題5] I have many friends, ____ some are businessmen. (2005)

A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom

[答案] D

[解析] 表示“在其中, ……之中的一部分”的含義, 應用介詞of (from沒有類似用法), 例如: several of my friends (我的幾個朋友)、 one of them(他們中間的一個)。修飾先行詞friends、 能夠緊跟介詞of表示“朋友中的一些(是生意人)”的關(guān)系代詞只有whom, 所以本題只能選D.注意: 本題不選A是因為該形式不能引導定語從句, 填入下劃線處會導致整個句子包含兩個單獨的、 缺乏連詞連接的簡單句(通常情況下這屬于病句); 不選B是因為which通常不能引導定語從句修飾表示人的先行詞; 不選C是因為of放于who之后與some連用導致整個句子的意思難以理解。

[考題6] I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ____ Chinese in the school, most ____ were from Germany. (2006遼寧)

A. study; of whom B. study; of them

C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom

[答案] D

[解析] 第一個下劃線處引導修飾students的定語, 不能采用動詞原形而應用現(xiàn)在分詞的形式, 據(jù)此直接排除選項A、 B; 第二個下劃線處引導修飾students的定語從句, 用來補充說明students的情況, 由于them不能引導定語從句, 應直接排除C而選出D.

[考題7] We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ____ we gave some bells and glasses. (2006湖南)

A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which

[答案] B

[解析] 根據(jù)“give sth. to sb.”的搭配, 下劃線處應以to whom的形式引導定語從句。Which不能引導定語從句修飾人, 所以A、 D應首先排除。

考點73: whose引導的定語從句的用法

whose可以引導定語從句, 修飾表示人或事物的先行詞, 在定語從句中充當定語。例如:

Is there anyone here whose name is Li Hua? 這兒有叫李華的人嗎?(先行詞表示人) // The bicycle whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. 剎車壞了的自行車現(xiàn)在已被修好。(先行詞表示物)

[考題1] George Orwell, ____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004北京)

A. the real name B. what his real name

C. his real name D. whose real name

[答案] D

[解析] 題干的意思是: 真名是 Eric Arthur的George Orwell寫了很多政治性的小說和短評。四個選項中只有D選項可以引導定語從句修飾主語George Orwell(在定語從句中whose充當定語), 其他選項都使得下劃線部分出現(xiàn)一個“主語+系動詞+表語”結(jié)構(gòu), 從而導致整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂。

[考題2] Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ____ roof is under repair. (2006福建)

A. whose B. which C. of which D. what

[答案] A

[解析] 下劃線處引導house的定語從句并在從句內(nèi)部充當主語roof的定語, 應填入引導詞whose.

[考題3] Have you seen the film Titanic, ____ leading actor is world*9鄄famous? (2001上海春)

A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which

[答案] C

[解析] 下劃線處引導定語從句并充當定語從句中主語leading actor的定語, 只能選C.注意: 選項A、 B使得整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)混亂, 應排除。

[考題4] Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ____ effects the people are still suffering. (2005天津)

A. that B. whose C. those D. what

[答案] B

[解析] 題干中逗號之后為floods的定語從句, 下劃線處在定語從句內(nèi)部充當suffer from的賓語——effects的定語, 相當于名詞所有格floods的含義。

只用which,不能用that作先行詞的情況

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