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現(xiàn)在分詞

 hard飄零 2015-07-20

知識點總結(jié)

  現(xiàn)在分詞(又稱-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式) ,是分詞的一種,分詞又分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,它們都是非限定動詞,即在句子里面不能單獨充當(dāng)謂語,但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分(定語,表語,補語和狀語),并且它們具有動詞的性質(zhì),所以又是類動詞的一種。一般式:doing; 一般被動式:being done; 完成式:having done; 完成被動式:having been done。 所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not ,包括獨立主格形式。

  構(gòu)成形式

①一般在動詞原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不發(fā)音的e、ue結(jié)尾的動詞,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye結(jié)尾的動詞加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞,并且末尾只有一個輔音字母,應(yīng)雙寫這一字母※注意※,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
⑤以ie結(jié)尾的動詞,要把ie變成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic結(jié)尾的動詞,要把ic變成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking

  ※注意※ 結(jié)尾是x則不必雙寫,如relax→relaxing

  1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動的動作。也可以說明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)和特征,此時可換成相應(yīng)的定語從句。例如:

 ?、?There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.

 ?、?He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.

 ?、?I was satisfied with the exciting speech.

  2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,可作時間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語,表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動的動作。此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,因此要注意人稱、時態(tài)和語態(tài)的一致性。例如:

 ?、?The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.

 ?、?European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.

  ③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.

  3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語,表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動的動作。例如:

 ?、?Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.

 ?、?The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.

  4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。例如:

 ?、?With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.

  ②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “媽媽!”他突然哭著喊,淚水從他的臉上流下來。(這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) tears rolling down his cheeks 作狀語。)

  ③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天氣允許的話,我們就去長城。(這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) Weather permitting 作狀語。)

  慢跑 Slow-running

  滑冰 Skating

  游泳 Swimming

  打籃球 Playing basketball

  畫畫 Drawing (pictures)

  唱歌 Singing

  購物 Shopping

  閱讀 Reading

  踢足球 Playing soccer/football

  跳 Jumping

  站 Standing

  寫 Writing

  說 Talking/speaking/saying

  跑 Running

  吃 Eating

  ……

  否定結(jié)構(gòu)

  現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式由“not+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。如:

  Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help.

  她不知道該往哪兒走,就去請警察幫助。(現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的否定結(jié)構(gòu))

  Not seeing John, I asked where he was.

  我看不見約翰,于是問他在何處。(現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的否定結(jié)構(gòu))

  Not being seen by anyone, the thief escaped.

  那個賊趁無人看見時逃跑了。(現(xiàn)在分詞被動式的否定結(jié)構(gòu))

  Not having done it right,I tried again.

  我由于沒有做對,所以又試了試。(現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的否定結(jié)構(gòu))

  一般式

  (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式通常表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。如:

  She sat there reading a novel.

  她坐在那里看小說。

  A little child learning to walk often falls.

  學(xué)走路的小孩常常跌跤。

  (2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式所表示的動作有時在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生。如:

  Going into the room,he shut the door.

  走進(jìn)房間,他就關(guān)上了門。

  完成式

  現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示其動作在謂語動詞的動作之前完成。

  Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.

  做完作業(yè)后,這個小女孩開始看電視。

  Having lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well.

  因為在北京住了多年,卡特對這個城市很熟悉。被動式

  現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示其邏輯主語為現(xiàn)在分詞動作的承受者。

  (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動式。如:

  The building being built is our library.

  正在建的那棟樓是我們的圖書館。

  The question being discussed is of great importance.

  正在討論的問題非常重要。

  (2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式。如:

  Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes.

  老師警告他們之后,學(xué)生們不再犯這樣的錯誤了。

  Having been told many times , he still did not know how to do it.

  (人家)已經(jīng)告訴他多少次了,他還是不知道怎么做。

  垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)

  現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語應(yīng)該與句子的主語一致,但有時現(xiàn)在分詞的主語與其所在句中的主語并不一致,這種現(xiàn)在分詞即所謂的垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞。垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞容易使句意模糊,甚至造成歧義,因而通常被認(rèn)為是不合規(guī)范或錯誤的用法。

  Searching along the deck,it had taken him some time to find a doctor.

  他沿著甲板找了好久才找到一名醫(yī)生。(searching的邏輯主語是句中的him)

  Walking or sleeping,this subject was always in my mind.

  不論是走路或睡覺,我總是在想著這個問題。

  (walking or sleeping的邏輯主語是句中的my)

  Traveling is interesting but tiring.

  旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞

  The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.

  如果讓學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會感到糊涂的。

  The argument is very convincing.

  他的論點很令人信服。

  They were very excited at the news.

  聽到這個消息,他們非常激動。

  (2) 分詞作表語時,相當(dāng)于形容詞,不可與構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來。它們的形式是一樣但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。試比較:

  The film is moving.

  這電影很感人。(表語,說明主語的性質(zhì))

  They are moving next Sunday .

  他們下個周日搬家。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,表示動作)

  The bookstore is now closed.

  書店現(xiàn) 在已關(guān)門了。(表語,說明主語所處的狀態(tài))

  The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p. m. .

  書店通常在下午7:30關(guān)門。(被動語態(tài),表示動作)

  現(xiàn)在分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

  1.形容詞性物主代詞+doing

  Her coming to help encouraged all of us.

  2.名詞所有格+doing

  Jane's being so careless caused so much trouble.

  3.人稱代詞的賓格+doing

  Would you mind my/me using your call phone?

  4.名詞+doing

  She insisted on her son/her son's going to college.

  注意:現(xiàn)在分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,只能用1,2兩種形式;作賓語或表語時,四種形式都可以用


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