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連讀
(一)什么是連讀。
在連貫地說話或朗讀時,在同一個意群(即短語或從句)中,如果相鄰的兩個詞前者以輔音音素結(jié)尾,后者以元音音素開頭,就要自然地將輔音和元音相拼,構(gòu)成一個音節(jié),這就是連讀。連讀時的音節(jié)一般不重讀,只需順其自然地一帶而過,不可以加音,也不可以讀得太重。如:notatall這個短語。連讀時聽起來就像是一個單詞。注意:連讀只發(fā)生在句子中的同一個意群中。在兩個意群之間即使有兩個相鄰的輔音和元音出現(xiàn),也不可連讀。如:Pleasetakealookatit.這個句子中takealookatit是同一個意群,那么take與a可連讀,look與at可連讀,at與it可連讀。在Thereisabookinit.一句中book與in往往不連讀,因為book與in分別在兩個不同的意群中。
(二)連讀的詳細(xì)情況
1.在同一個意群中,相鄰的兩個詞,前者以輔音音素結(jié)尾,后者以元音音素開頭,往往要拼在一起連讀。如:
He is a student.(is與a要連讀)
That is a right answer.(That與is,is和a,right和answer都可以連讀)
I’ll be back in half an hour.(back和in,half和an,an與hour都可以連讀)。
2.在同一個意群中的兩個單詞,如果前面的單詞以r或re結(jié)尾,后面的單詞以元音音素開頭,則r或re要發(fā)/r/音,并與其后的元音音素相拼。如:hereandthere連讀時往往讀作/。hiErEnd`TZE/。apairofshoes連讀時讀作/E`pZErEv`FU:z/.
（三）音的組合任何一個單詞都是由音素的不同組合而成。 英語中，同一音節(jié)中兩個或兩個以上相鄰的輔音結(jié)合在一起，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫做輔音群（或輔音連綴、輔音叢）。兩個、三個輔音的連綴，在英語中是普遍的。像sixths/siksz/這樣四個輔音的連綴卻比較少。英語單詞里，輔音連綴所出現(xiàn)的位置有一定規(guī)律，通常只出現(xiàn)在詞首或詞尾。值得特別注意的是，輔音群中，輔音之間決不能夾有元音;以不發(fā)音的元音結(jié)尾的詞，朗讀時，輔音后面也不能附加元音。
請注意以下幾個方面:
（1）輔音群中的輔音之間不能加上中元音//。這是初學(xué)者常出現(xiàn)的錯誤，如:blue/blu:/讀成/blu:/;flood/fld/讀成/fld/。這種錯誤在三個輔音組成的輔音群中更常見。又如:screen/skri:n/讀成了/skri:n/。漢語中，聲母/p/、/b/、/m/之后都加有元音。學(xué)英語時，這種中國式的語音習(xí)慣只有通過大量的練習(xí)來改變。練習(xí)英語發(fā)音時，我們可以將第一個輔音遮住，先讀/kri:n/，再加/s/，讀/skri:n/。
（2）在輔音 /r/的輔音群中，像/br/，/r/，/r/，初學(xué)者常把卷舌音/r/念成舌邊音/l/。如:three/ri:/念成/lui:/。其原因是兩個音在連接時舌尖沒有及時地離開齒齦，作卷舌的動作。
（3）/s/ 3對爆破音，朗讀/sp/、/sk/、/st/時，清輔音/p/、/k/、/t/不能念成送氣音，而要將它們略微濁化，向/b/、//、/d/*近。而且朗讀位于它們之前的/s/時，送氣也不能太強(qiáng)。
（4）在以/l/ 另外一個輔音的輔音群中，有的學(xué)生不會讀濁音的/l～/，而用//來替代。如:film/film/讀成/fim/，world/w:ld/讀成/w:d/。其原因是舌尖沒有抵住上齒齦，舌后部未用力。還有一種是將舌尖卷曲發(fā)成濁音的/l～/。這也是不正確的。
（5）在一個輔音 /l/的輔音群中，有些同學(xué)往往在輔音與/l/之間加上一個中元音//。如apple/pl/讀成/pl/。其原因是舌身在發(fā)音活動中移動太慢，舌尖沒有及時移到上齒齦濁音的/l～/的位置。
（6）在一個輔音 /n/的輔音群中，有些同學(xué)感到困難的是“鼻腔爆破”輔音群/tn/和/dn/。有些人常在/t/、/d/與/n/之間夾中元音//:cotton/ktn/讀成/ktn/。這樣讀的結(jié)果是沒有實現(xiàn)鼻腔爆破，因為/t/、/d/、是從口腔內(nèi)與//同時發(fā)出的。為了避免這樣的發(fā)音錯誤，在/t/與/n/或/d/與/n/連讀時，舌尖不要離開齒齦，這樣舌身便把氣流擋在口腔內(nèi)，迫使它從鼻腔與/n/一同發(fā)出。
四.話語的節(jié)奏英語的話語如同音樂一樣有一定的節(jié)奏。話語中的音樂像音樂的小節(jié)一樣組成節(jié)奏群。每個節(jié)奏通常都會含有輕讀音節(jié)與重讀音節(jié)。在一個英語句子中，名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞等實詞常要強(qiáng)讀，而介詞、冠詞、代詞等虛詞則一般弱讀。英語的節(jié)奏規(guī)律是*重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)的組合加重復(fù)來體現(xiàn)的。英語口語中的節(jié)奏基本體現(xiàn)在各個重讀音節(jié)（用“”來表示）之間，其時距大體相同。英語是一種以重音計時的語言，各個重音與它跟隨的若干輕讀音節(jié)（用“·”表示）構(gòu)成一個節(jié)奏群，有時一個節(jié)奏群是一個空拍（“<”表示）開始的（空拍在英語中也叫做“silentstress”）。節(jié)奏群用“/”來標(biāo)識。我們用大致相同的時間來朗讀每個節(jié)奏群。因此，為了真正取得節(jié)奏效果，碰到輕音少的節(jié)奏時，我們就可以念慢些，輕音較多的節(jié)奏群則必須念快一些。例如:daylight·/flashlight·.One/Two/Three/Four，/lets·/go/lets·/go.Peters·younger·sister·/leftthe·bagat·home.Thisis·the·/furnit·ure·.兩個重音之間的輕讀音節(jié)越多，我們在每個輕讀音節(jié)上花的時間便越少。有時一個節(jié)奏群是以空拍開始，后面緊跟著幾個輕音節(jié)，這樣的節(jié)奏群常見句首或句子中需要停頓的地方。例如:He∧is·a·/student./Yes/Peter·，/he∧was·at·/home.
五.弱讀單詞在句中可以強(qiáng)讀，也可以弱讀，主要取決于上下文所表達(dá)的意思。有些英語單詞本身具有兩種或兩種以上不同發(fā)音。以單詞some為例，該詞在重讀或單獨出現(xiàn)時，其元音的發(fā)音與單詞sum完全一樣。但是，當(dāng)some在句子中作為非重讀單詞時，其元音就顯得短而模糊。弱讀音節(jié)中最常見的音是中元音//。一個單詞在強(qiáng)讀或弱讀具有不同（兩種或兩種以上）發(fā)音時，這些不同的形式就叫詞的強(qiáng)讀式或弱讀式。英語單詞中有強(qiáng)讀式和弱讀式的單詞大約有50多個，而且他們多出現(xiàn)在句子的非重讀音節(jié)里。從詞性上看，它們大多為單音節(jié)的限定詞、助動詞、動詞be、介詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞和人稱代詞等。例如:some/sm/→/sm/→/sm/，have/hv/→/hv/→/v/;were/w:/→/w/，must/mst/→/mst，ms/→/mst，ms/;do/du:/→/d/→/du/→/d/，and/nd/→/nd，n/→/n/;of/v/→/v/→/v/，them/m/→/m/→/m/;we/wi:/→/wi/等。
六.音的連讀在英語的實際運用中，人們常將屬于同一意群的詞連在一起，一口氣說出來。意群中詞與詞之間不留空隙，這種讀法叫“連讀”（用“（”來表示）。
英語有三種連讀形式:
（1）輔音（除了/r/、/w/和/j/）元音:單詞末尾的輔音同下一個以元音開頭的單詞連讀。例如:readi（t/ri:dit/，brushu（p/brp/。在朗讀這種連讀時，可以采用這樣的技巧:把前面詞的末尾輔音移到后一個詞的開頭來讀。如:puti（to（n可讀成/pu-ti-tn/。
（2）元音元音:前一個詞的末尾元音和后一個詞的起首元音連在一起讀出，使它們中間不出現(xiàn)停頓。如:doit/du-it/，heatesome/hietsm/，輕輕地滑到下一個元音上。
（3）/r/ 元音:這一類連讀分為詞末連接音/r/和外加音/r/與元音的連讀。a）單詞末尾或音節(jié)末尾的r在英式英語中是不發(fā)音的。但是，在連貫話語里，如果這個單詞后面緊跟著一個以元音開頭的詞，而且兩個詞在意義上密切相關(guān)且中間無停頓隔開時，就可能是原來不發(fā)音的字母r讀為/r/，并同后一個單詞的元音字首相連。例如:thereis/riz/，forever/f:rev/。b）為了避免讓兩個意義相關(guān)的比鄰詞的末首元音分立而讀，我們通常在前一個詞的結(jié)尾元音和后面單詞的起首元音之間加上/r/音，這就是外加音/r/。如:ideaofit/aidirvit/，thesofaoverthere/sufruv-/。七.語調(diào)我們說話時可以隨意改變音高，使音調(diào)上升或下降。我們還可以像歌唱家那樣突然抬高話語的音調(diào)。音調(diào)的這種上揚或下降叫語調(diào)。英語有兩種基本的語調(diào):升調(diào)和降調(diào)（分別用符號“.”、“∈”表示）。升降的過程可以是急促的，也可以是緩慢的，還可以形成不同的組合。說話人可以通過語調(diào)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)各種信息。（1）升調(diào):升調(diào)多用來表示“不肯定”和“未完結(jié)”的意思，比如一般疑問句，語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)的祈使句，以及用陳述句子形式表示疑問的各類句子。如:a）ShallItellhimtocomeandsee.you?（一般疑問句的正常語調(diào)）b）You.like.him?（用于陳述句形式的疑問句中，期待得到對方證實）c）.Whathaveyougotthere?（用于特殊疑問句中，語氣親切熱情）d）.Rightyou.are.（用于某些感嘆句中，表示輕快、活潑、鼓勵等意義）e）Shebought.red，.yellow，and.greenrugs.（用于排例句中，區(qū)別語義）（2）降調(diào):降調(diào)表示“肯定”和“完結(jié)”。一般用于陳述句、特殊疑問句、命令句和感嘆句中。例如:a）Swimmingismyfavourite∈sport.（用于陳述句表示肯定的意義）b）Whatdidyoufind∈there?（降調(diào)用于特殊疑問句表示說話人濃厚的興趣）c）Tellmeallabout∈it.（語氣較強(qiáng)的命令）d）Haveyougotthe∈tickets?（降調(diào)用于一般疑問句表示說話人的態(tài)度粗率、不耐煩或不高興）e）How∈nice!（用于感嘆句，表示感嘆）英語中除了升調(diào)、降調(diào)這兩種最基本的語調(diào)外，還有降—升調(diào)、升—降調(diào)、升—降—升調(diào)、平調(diào)等。我們掌握了基本的降升調(diào)后，可以查閱參考書，再增加這方面的知識
連讀的條件：相鄰的兩詞在意義上必須密切相關(guān)，同屬一個意群。連讀所構(gòu)成的音節(jié)一般都不重讀，只需順其自然地一帶而過，不可讀得太重，也不可音。(連讀符號：~)
(1)“輔音+元音”型連讀
在同一個意群里，如果相鄰兩詞中的前一個詞是以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個詞是以元音開頭，這就要將輔音與元音拼起來連讀。
I’m~an~English boy.
It~is~an~old book.
Let me have~a look~at~it.
Ms Black worked in~an~office last~yesterday.
I called~you half~an~hour~ago.
Put~it~on, please.
Not~at~all.
Please pick~it~up.
(2)“r/re+元音”型連讀
如果前一個詞是以-r或者-re結(jié)尾，后一個詞是以元音開頭，這時的r或re不但要發(fā)/r/，而且還要與后面的元音拼起來連讀。
They’re my father~and mother.
I looked for~it here~and there.
There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk.
Here~is a letter for you.
Here~are four~eggs.
But where~is my cup?
Where~are your brother~and sister?
但是，如果一個音節(jié)的前后都有字母r，即使后面的詞以元音開頭，也不能連讀。
The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer與and不可連讀）
(3)“輔音+半元音”型連讀
英語語音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一個詞是以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個詞是以半元音，特別是/j/開頭，此時也要連讀。
Thank~you.
Nice to meet~you.
Did~you get there late~again?
Would~you like~a cup~of tea？
Could~you help me, please?
“音的同化”
—常把/d/+/j/讀成/dV/，did you聽上成了/dIdVu/，would you成了/wudVu/，could you成了/kudVu/。
(4)“元音+元音”型連讀如果前一個詞以元音結(jié)尾，后一個詞以元音開頭，這兩個音往往也要自然而不間斷地連讀到一起。
I~am Chinese.
He~is very friendly to me.
She wants to study~English.
How~and why did you come here?
She can’t carry~it.
It’ll take you three~hours to walk there.
The question is too~easy for him to answer.
(5)當(dāng)短語或從句之間按意群進(jìn)行停頓時，意群與意群之間即使有兩個相鄰的輔音與元音出現(xiàn)，也不可連讀。
Is~it a~hat or a cat?（hat與or之間不可以連讀）
There~is~a good book in my desk. （book與in之間不可以連讀）
Can you speak~English or French? （English與or之間不可以連讀）
Shall we meet at~eight or ten tomorrow morning? （meet與 at，eight與or之間不可以連讀）
She opened the door and walked~in. （door與and之間不可以連讀）
失去爆破6個爆破音有3對/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/
失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情況下，只須做出發(fā)音的準(zhǔn)備，但并不發(fā)音，稍稍停頓后就發(fā)后面的音。
(1)“爆破音+爆破音”型
6個爆破音【t、d、k、g、p、b】中的任意2個相臨時，前一個爆破音會失去爆破，即由相關(guān)的發(fā)音器官做好這個發(fā)音的姿勢，稍做停頓后即發(fā)后面的爆破音。
The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.
The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.
The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
We’re going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.
What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?
It’s a very col(d) day, but it’s a goo(d) day.
You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book.
(2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后緊跟著某些摩擦音（如/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那個爆破音僅有十分輕微的爆破，而后面那個摩擦音則要完全爆破。
6個爆破音有3對/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情況下，只須做出發(fā)音的準(zhǔn)備，但并不發(fā)音，稍稍停頓后就發(fā)后面的音。
(1)“爆破音+爆破音”型6個爆破音中的任意2個相臨時，前一個爆破音會失去爆破，即由相關(guān)的發(fā)音器官做好這個發(fā)音的姿勢，稍做停頓后即發(fā)后面的爆破音。
The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.
The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.
The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
We’re going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.
What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?
It’s a very col(d) day, but it’s a goo(d) day.
You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book.
(2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后緊跟著某些摩擦音（如/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那個爆破音僅有十分輕微的爆破，而后面那個摩擦音則要完全爆破。
Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.
Goo(d) morning, dear.
Uncle Li’s fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema.
I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night.
-Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don’(t) know.
The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult.
Goo(d) luck, Lin Tao.
爆破音+m/n，爆破音也會失爆！
/p/， /t/， /k/開頭的音節(jié)發(fā) /b/， /d/， /g/
在背誦新東方80篇，總結(jié)出來的一點東西：
1. 音標(biāo)中無重讀音節(jié)的，要輕輕的讀，不要讀出有高低調(diào)的聲音！不要老愛把音節(jié)讀成漸高調(diào)，感覺有點歇斯底里，很難聽的！
2. 重音且長音要盡量拖長，發(fā)音要飽滿，但是[i:]除外，這個音節(jié)只需輕輕帶過！
ee、啊：、呃：讀起來讓人聽著這個音節(jié)很明顯。
3. 短音的i有時候不發(fā)音，只起到一個連接的作用； 傳說中的100句英語可以幫你背7000單詞 1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.
1.美洲羚羊，或稱叉角羚，是該大陸典型的草原動物。
2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
2. 1986年看見哈雷慧星的千百萬人當(dāng)中，有多少人能夠長壽到足以目睹它在二十一世紀(jì)的回歸呢？
3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
3.人類學(xué)家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，恐懼，快樂，悲傷和驚奇都會行之于色，這在全人類是共通的。
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
4.由于苯酚對人體帶有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被當(dāng)作常用的防腐劑了。
5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
5.任何盈利組織若要生存，最終都必須生產(chǎn)出消費者可用或需要的產(chǎn)品。
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
6.一個地方的人口越多，其對水，交通和垃圾處理的需求就會越大。
7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
7.簡明，直接，有力的寫作難于花哨，含混而意義模糊的表達(dá)。
8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
8.隨著現(xiàn)代辦公室的日益自動化，設(shè)計師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴(yán)肅的內(nèi)部裝飾來使其具有親切感。
9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
9.誹謗和流言的區(qū)別在于前者是書面的，而后者是口頭的。
10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
10.膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿脛的連接處。
11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
11.酸是一種化合物，它在溶于水時具有強(qiáng)烈的氣味和對金屬的腐蝕性，并且能夠使某些藍(lán)色植物染料變紅。
12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
12. Billie Holiday’s作為一個爵士布魯斯樂杰出歌手的名聲建立在能夠賦予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
13.理論在本質(zhì)上是對認(rèn)識了的現(xiàn)實的一種抽象和符號化的表達(dá)。
14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
14.兒童在能說或能聽懂語言之前，很久就會通過面部表情和靠發(fā)出噪聲來與人交流了。
15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
15.受當(dāng)代灌溉(技術(shù)設(shè)施)之賜，農(nóng)作物在原來只有仙人掌和蕎屬科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生長。
16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
16.機(jī)械計時器的發(fā)展促使人們尋求更精確的日晷，以便校準(zhǔn)機(jī)械計時器。
17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to do*英語易網(wǎng)*ent observations that can be checked by others.
17.人類學(xué)是一門科學(xué)，因為人類學(xué)家采用一整套強(qiáng)有力的方法和技術(shù)來記錄觀測結(jié)果，而這樣記錄下來的觀測結(jié)果是供他人核查的。
18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
18.真菌在腐化過程中十分重要，而腐化過程將化學(xué)物質(zhì)回饋于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解動物糞便。
19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
19.音叉被敲擊時，產(chǎn)生幾乎純質(zhì)的音調(diào)，其音量經(jīng)久不衰。
20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
20.雖然美洲山河桃樹最集中于美國的東南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利諾州也能看見它們。 21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.
21.用怪罪別人的辦法來解決問題通常被稱為尋找替罪羊。
22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
22.一個國家的主要食物是什么，大體取決于什么作物在其天氣和土壤條件下生長得最好。
23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
23.在大量的實驗中，某一事件發(fā)生的幾率等于它不發(fā)生的幾率。
24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance's solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
24.大多數(shù)物質(zhì)遇冷收縮，所以他們的密度在固態(tài)時高于液態(tài)。
25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
25.大腦細(xì)胞儲存記憶的機(jī)理并不為人明白。
26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
26.到了二十一世紀(jì)中葉，美國畫家和雕塑家開始在世界范圍內(nèi)對藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生重大影響。
27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.
27.伊麗莎白市，一個重要的航運和制造業(yè)中心，坐落于新澤西州的東部。
28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
28. Elizabeth Blackwell，美國第一個女醫(yī)生，創(chuàng)建了員工一直為女性紐約診所。
29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
29. Alexander Graham Bell曾告訴家人，他更愿意讓后人記住他是聾子的老師，而非電話的發(fā)明者。
30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.
30.采摘下的迷迭香樹葉常綠不衰，因此人們把迷迭香樹與懷念聯(lián)系在一起。
31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
31.骨頭看起來是脆硬的，但它也有一定的彈性，使得骨骼能夠承受相當(dāng)?shù)拇驌簟?br style="line-height: 28px;">
32. That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
32.科學(xué)家曾相信：氙氣是不能形成化合物的。
33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.
33.對風(fēng)暴動力學(xué)的研究是為了提高風(fēng)暴預(yù)測從而減少損失，避免人員傷亡。
34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.
34.消除通貨膨脹應(yīng)確保還貸的錢應(yīng)與所貸款的價值相同。
35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.
35.未來主義，二十世紀(jì)早期的一個藝術(shù)思潮。拒絕一切傳統(tǒng)，試圖通過強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)械和動態(tài)來美化生活。
36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
36. Everglades是美國境內(nèi)最為荒涼和人跡罕至的地區(qū)之一，此處有大量的野生動植物而且大多受(法律)保護(hù)。
37. Lucretia Mott's influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.
37. Lucretia Mott's的影響巨大，所以一些權(quán)威部門認(rèn)定她為美國女權(quán)運動的創(chuàng)始人。
38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.
38.國際市場研究者的活動范圍常常較國內(nèi)市場研究者廣闊。
39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.
39.大陸分水嶺是指北美洛磯山脈上的一道想象線，該線把大西洋流域和太平洋流域區(qū)分開來。
40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.
40.對地球引力的研究表明，在不尋常的負(fù)荷之下地殼和地幔會發(fā)生位移。
41. The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.
41.尤它州制造業(yè)的年產(chǎn)值大于其工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的總和。
42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
42.墻花之所以叫墻花，是因為其脆弱的枝干經(jīng)常要靠墻壁或順石崖生長，以便有所依附。
43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.
43.社會心理學(xué)的主要焦點是人與人之間的交往，而不是他們各自生活中的事件。
44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams' enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
44.給美國的新移民增加教育設(shè)施比任何社會運動都更多的激發(fā)了Elizabeth Williams的熱情。
45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.
45.典型的鵪鶉都長有短而圓的翅膀，憑此他們可以在受驚時一躍而起，飛離它們的躲藏地。
46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
46.根據(jù)人類學(xué)家的說法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部輪廓與黑猩猩相似，額頭后傾，眉毛突出。
47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
47.直到1866年第一條橫跨大西洋的電纜才完全成功的架通。
48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
48. John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他認(rèn)為是由科學(xué)技術(shù)給社會帶來的精神貧困。
49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
49.父母的教導(dǎo)如果堅定，始終如一和理性，孩子就有可能充滿自信。
50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.
50.北美遠(yuǎn)古的Hopewell人很可能種植了玉米和其他農(nóng)作物，但打獵和采集對他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仍是至關(guān)重要的。 51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of inFORMation on a single map.
51.使用多種多樣的符號可以在一張地圖里放進(jìn)大量的信息。
52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.
52.無政府主義這個詞描述的是一堆理論和態(tài)度，它們的主要共同點在于相信政府是有害的，沒有必要的。
53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.
53.恐怕沒有誰對大多數(shù)美國人的日常生活影響能超過汽車生產(chǎn)的先驅(qū)亨利.福特。
54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.
54.使用精心挑選的無意義詞匯，可以檢驗語言學(xué)科里許多基本的假定。
55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made.
55.優(yōu)化歷史是由一連串的迷人事件組成，其源頭大概可以上溯到最早的圖畫。
56. Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually.
56.相互般配的珍珠，串成一條項鏈，就能賣到比單獨售出好得多的價錢。
57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.
57.十八世紀(jì)時，"小烏龜"是邁阿密部落的酋長，該部落的地盤就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。
58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.
58.在竹子的近七百個品種中，有的全長成還不到一英尺，有的卻能在二十四小時內(nèi)長出三英尺。
59. Before staring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.
59.謹(jǐn)慎的航海員在出航前，會研究航向，記錄的燈塔的位置，以便對各種可能出現(xiàn)的情況做到有備無患。
60. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied.
60.在所有的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物中，棕櫚樹得到的研究最少。
61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities.
61.購買者和銷售者都應(yīng)該留意技術(shù)的新發(fā)展，原因很簡單，因為技術(shù)能夠并且已經(jīng)影響著營銷活動。
62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.
62.電腦儲存和由于電子微處理機(jī)得以實現(xiàn)的電控運用成倍的增加了現(xiàn)代打字機(jī)的功能。
63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.
63.人類骨骼有二百多塊骨頭組成，住些骨頭石油堅韌而相對缺乏彈性的，被稱為韌帶的結(jié)蒂組連在一起。
64. The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.
64.珍珠的色澤受到作為其母體牡蠣種類及牡蠣生活水域的深度，溫度和含鹽度的制約。
65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.
65.盡管模仿鳥學(xué)很多種鳥的鳴叫聲惟妙惟肖，但人類還是能夠依其聲音上的線索很快識別它們。
66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land.
66.鲇魚不僅可以離開水存活，還可以在岸上短距離移動。
67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.
67.科學(xué)家不知道恐龍為何絕種了，但是一些理論推斷是地理，氣候和海平面的變化造成的。
68. The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes inFORMation derived from other sciences.
68.主要目的在于豐富和優(yōu)質(zhì)的農(nóng)藝學(xué)利用了其他科學(xué)的知識。
69. Snow aids farmers by keeping heart in the lower ground levels, thereby saving the seeds from freezing.
69.雪對農(nóng)民是一種幫助，因為它保持地層土壤的溫度，使種子不致凍死。
70. Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.
70.歷代文學(xué)作品中的英雄本色雖各有千秋，但其昭世功力卻是恒古不變的。
71. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into power and then adding water.
71.史前的人們制造顏料是將植物和泥土等原料磨成粉末，然后加水。
72. Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests.
72.黃菊花通常令人生厭，它擠走不那么頑強(qiáng)的植物，并找來很多害蟲。
73. Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present.
73.大約從公元前七千年開始，在四千年當(dāng)中，北半球的溫度比現(xiàn)在高。
74. When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous.
74.當(dāng)亨利.福特最初制造汽車為尋求資金支持時，農(nóng)民和一般職員也能擁有汽車的想法被認(rèn)為是可笑的。
75. Though once quite large, the population of the bald eagle across North America has drastically declined in the past forty years.
75.北美禿頭鷹的數(shù)量一度很多，但在近四十年中全北美的禿頭鷹數(shù)量急劇下降。
76. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home.
76.水獺啃倒樹木，以便取食物并獲得造窩的材料。
77. Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets.
77.長卷毛狗曾被用作獵鴨時叼回獵物的獵犬，但是美國Kennel Club卻不承認(rèn)它們?yōu)楂C犬，因為它們現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)作為寵物飼養(yǎng)。
78. As a result of what is now know in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine.
78.物理學(xué)和化學(xué)的一個成果是使得科學(xué)家們能在生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)上獲得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。
79. The practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States as to constitute a tradition.
79.根據(jù)默默無聞的小說制作優(yōu)秀影片在美國由來已久，已經(jīng)成為傳統(tǒng)。
80. Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.
80.因為顧客認(rèn)為最好的水果應(yīng)該看起來也是最漂亮的，所以種植者必須提供能滿足挑剔眼光的產(chǎn)品。
81. Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.
81.電視，這項從迅速變化和成長為標(biāo)志的最普及和最有影響力的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在步入一個新時代，一個極為成熟和多樣化的時代，這將重塑我們的生活和世界。
82. Television is more than just an electronics; it is a means of expression_r_r_r_r, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
82.電視不僅僅是一件電器；它是表達(dá)的手段和交流的載體并因此成為聯(lián)系他人的有力工具。
83. Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism------that is the rate for re-arrest------is more than 60 percent.
83.更讓人吃驚的事實是監(jiān)禁的數(shù)目和比例在過去的二十年中翻了一番還有余，以及累犯率——即再次拘押的比例——為百分之六十強(qiáng)。
84. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, where he remained officially for exactly a generation and where his students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences.
84.他的教書生涯始于麻省理工學(xué)院，但是William Rainey Harper把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大學(xué)。他在那里正式任職長達(dá)整整一代人的時間。他的高級作文課上的學(xué)生覺得他在課上古板得可怕，但私下交流卻富有同情和理解。
85. The sloth pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mouldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quits incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm.
85.樹獺即不講究衛(wèi)生，以至于它粗糙的毛發(fā)上生出綠苔，成群的寄生蛾生長在它的皮毛深處，變成毛毛蟲，并以它的臟毛為食。她的肌肉不能讓他哪怕在很短的距離以內(nèi)以每小時一公里的速度移動。它能做的最敏捷的動作就是揮一揮它彎曲的胳膊。
86. Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers.
86.人造花卉即可用于科學(xué)目的，也可用于裝飾目的，它們可以用各種各樣的材料制成，臂如蠟和玻璃；其制作如此精巧，幾乎可以以假亂真。
87. Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-rich regions of the United States.
87.在伊利諾州Angonne市的一個廢棄煤礦的三年研究取得了成果，科學(xué)家們相信這些成果可以幫助改造把美國產(chǎn)煤區(qū)弄得傷痕累累的數(shù)千個舊煤場。
88. When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines.
88.當(dāng)有關(guān)西部鐵路的說服和規(guī)劃工作終于完成后，真正艱難的任務(wù)還沒有開始；即危險，吃力，需要傷筋動骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造這些鐵路的實際工作。
89. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections.
89.由于空間不足，藝術(shù)博物館在考慮購買和接受捐贈的藝術(shù)品是越來越慎重，有些情況下放棄其進(jìn)一步改善收藏的機(jī)會。
90. The United States Constitution requires that President be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or older, who has lived in the United States for a minimum of fourteen years.
90.美國憲法要求總統(tǒng)是生于美國本土的公民，三十五歲以上，并且在美國居住了至少十四年。
91. Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert.
91.美國西部的不毛之地正成為玩耍的地方，對越來越多擁有摩托車或越野單車類車輛的，喜歡放縱于爬坡比賽或開辟新的沙漠通道的尋歡作樂者具有不斷增長的吸引力。
92. Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace.
92.石頭不會腐爛，所以以前的(石器)工具能保存下來，雖然它們的制造者已經(jīng)消失的無影無蹤。
93. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
93.昆蟲就將會使我們無法在這個世界上居??；如果我們沒有受到以昆蟲為食的動物的保護(hù)，昆蟲就會吞嚼掉我們所有的莊稼并殺死我們飼養(yǎng)的禽獸。 94. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.
94.確實，他們在探險中遇到了極具威脅性的困難和危險，而他們的裝備會讓一個現(xiàn)代登山者想一想都會渾身顫栗。不過他們并不是刻意去追求刺激的。
95. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
95.老人和年輕人之間只有一個區(qū)別：年輕人的前面有輝煌的未來，老年人燦爛的未來卻已在它們身后。這也許就是困難之所在。
96. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.
96.我們位年強(qiáng)人振奮。它們帶有自由的氣息，他們不會為狹隘的野心和貪婪享受而孜孜以求。他們不是焦慮的向上爬的人，他們不會對物質(zhì)性的東西難舍難分。
97. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
97.每次我聽說體育運動能夠在國家間建立起友好感情，說世界各地的普通人只要能在足球場或板球場上相遇就會沒有興趣在戰(zhàn)場上相遇的話，我都倍感詫異。
98. It is impossible to say simply for the fun and exercise: as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are around.
98.沒有可能僅僅為了娛樂或鍛煉而運動：一旦有了問題，一旦你覺得你輸了你和你所屬團(tuán)體會有失體面時，你最野蠻的好斗本能就會被激發(fā)出來。
99. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles------or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
99.人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，某些蝙蝠發(fā)出尖叫聲并靠接受回響來鎖定和避免障礙物——或者找到它們賴以為生的昆蟲。蝙蝠這種回響定位法常拿來和原理與之很相近似的雷達(dá)相比。
100. As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure.
100.隨著芯片制造時間和費用降低到了幾天和幾百美元，工程師們可能很快可以任他們的想象馳騁而不會被昂貴的失敗所懲罰。 英語連讀規(guī)則 “連讀”在英語中叫Word Connections，借用法語的詞匯時叫Liaison，讀音為[li'eizn]——在這里要多說一句：從法語中借來的詞讀音一般都比較怪，一定要先查字典再去讀它，免得搞錯，比如debut['deibju:] 連讀的意義 連讀是語調(diào)中非常重要的一個組成要素。而語調(diào)是讓別人更好聽懂、更好理解的重要途徑——語調(diào)的正確，比發(fā)音的準(zhǔn)確還要重要。因為語調(diào)涉及的內(nèi)容太多，而且很難用文字來描述，所以在這里只講連讀。 可能有人會認(rèn)為連讀會造成別人的理解困難，他們認(rèn)為：還是把單詞一個挨一個地讀清楚更容易聽明白。雖然這種說法明顯是錯誤的，但是在這里我也不想浪費文字去反駁，讀者們請自行決定是否要閱讀或者離開。 一個例子 這里是一個連讀的例子。在這個例子里，不僅僅有連讀的存在，還包含發(fā)音的一些變化，請仔細(xì)分辨： 書寫英語：They tell me that I’m easier to understand. 口語連讀：theytellme thedaimeasier der-undersdand 連讀的分類 英語中的連讀主要有四種： 1）輔音+元音的連讀（Consonant + Vowel） 2）輔音+輔音的連讀 3）元音+元音的連讀 4）T, D, S 或 Z + Y的連讀 1. 輔音+元音的連讀 一般來說中國人比較熟悉這種連讀——前一個詞由輔音結(jié)尾，后一個詞由元音開頭，于是就很自然地連起來了，比如： My name is… [my nay?miz] because I’ve. [b'k'z?iv] pick up on the American intonation… [pi?k? pan the(y) ?mer'k? nin?t?nash?n] 不只是句子中，讀字母縮寫也可以連讀： LA [eh?Lay] 讀數(shù)字時也可以連讀： 902 5050 [nai?no?too fai?vo?fai?vo] 再來幾個簡單例子： hold on [hol don] turn over [tur nover] tell her I miss her [teller I misser] 因為這種連讀一般初中生都會，在這里就不詳細(xì)介紹了，重頭戲在后面，馬上開演。 2. 輔音+輔音的連讀 這個很難用文字描述，放到最后再講。 3. 元音+元音的連讀 如果前一個詞是由元音[u]結(jié)尾，下一個詞由元音開頭，那么，在[u]后面加上一個輔音[w] 如果前一個詞是由元音[i]結(jié)尾，下一個詞由元音開頭，那么，在[i]后面加上一個輔音[y] 只說規(guī)則似乎有點不好理解，看例子就明白了。 Go away. [Go(w)away] 在電影Big Fish中，巨人Carl說過這句話。因為巨人說話又慢又重，所以那個w很明顯。 再來看一個例子： I also need the other one. [I(y)also need thee(y)other one] 這種連讀不能把輔音w或者j發(fā)得太重，否則會顯得很傻，但是不發(fā)這兩個輔音的話又會很難念得順口。 go anywhere [go(w)anywhere] so honest [so(w)honest] through our [through(w)our] you are [you(w)are] he is [he(y)is] do I? [do(w)I?] I asked [I(y)asked] to open [to(w)open] she always [she(y)always] too often [too(w)often] 4. T, D, S 或 Z + Y的連讀 如果前面的單詞是以T/D/S/Z結(jié)尾，后面的單詞是以Y開頭（一般是you這個詞），那么有如下的連讀規(guī)則可以使用。 4.1. T + Y = CH What’s your name? [w?cher name] Can’t you do it? [k?nt chew do(w)it] Actually [?k·chully] Don’t you like it? [dont chew lye kit] Wouldn’t you? [wooden chew] Haven’t you? [h?ven chew] No, not yet. [nou, n? chet] I’ll let you know. [I'll letcha know] Can I get you a drink? [k'n?i getchew? drink] We thought you weren’t coming. [we th? chew wrnt k?ming] I’ll bet you ten bucks he forgot. [?l betcha ten buxee frg?t] Is that your final answer? [is th?chr fin'l?n sr] natural [n?chr?l] perpetual [perpech?(w)?l] virtual [vrch?(w)?l] 4.2. D + Y = J Did you see it? [didj? see(y)it] How did you like it? [h?o?j? lye kit] Could you tell? [küj? tell] Where did you send your check? [wεrj? senjer check] What did your family think? [w?jer f?mlee think] Did you find your keys? [didj? fine jer keez] We followed your instructions. [we fallow jerin str?ctionz] Congratulations! [k'ngr?j'lationz] education [edj?·cation] individual [ind?vij?(w)?l] graduation [gr?j?(w)ation] gradual [gr?j?(w)?l] 4.3. S + Y = SH Yes, you are. [yeshu are] Insurance [inshurance] Bless you! [blesshue] Press your hands together. [pressure hanz d'gethr] Can you dress yourself? [c 'new dreshier self] You can pass your exams this year. [yuk'n p?sher egz?mz thisheer] I’ll try to guess your age. [?l tryd? geshierage] Let him gas your car for you. [leddim g?shier c?r fr you] 4.4. Z + Y = ZH How’s your family? [h?ozhier f?mlee] How was your trip? [h?o·w?zhier trip] Who’s your friend? [hoozhier frend] Where’s your mom? [wεrzh'r m?m] When’s your birthday? [wεnzh'r brthday] She says you’re OK. [she sεzhierou kay] Who does your hair? [hoo d?zhier hεr] casual [k?·zhy?(w)?l] visual [vi·zhy?(w)?l] usual [yu?zhy?(w)?l] version [vrzh'n] vision [vizh'n] 附錄: 音節(jié)省略和連讀放在一起 I have got to go. I’ve gotta go. I have got a book. I’ve gotta book. Do you want to dance? Wanna dance? Do you want a banana? Wanna banana? Let me in. Lemme in. Let me go. Lemme go. I’ll let you know. I’ll letcha know. Did you do it? Dija do it? Not yet. N? chet. I’ll meet you later. I’ll meechu layder. What do you think? Whaddyu think? What did you do with it? Whajoo do with it? How did you like it? Howja like it? When did you get it? When ju geddit? Why did you take it? Whyju tay kit? Why don’t you try it? Why don chu try it? What are you waiting for? Whaddya waitin’ for? What are you doing? Whatcha doin’? How is it going? Howzit going? Where’s the what-you-may-call-it? Where’s the whatchamacallit? Where’s what-is-his-name? Where’s whatsizname? How about it? How ’bout it? He has got to hurry because he is late. He’s gotta hurry 'cuz he’s late. I could’ve been a contender. I coulda bina contender. Could you speed it up, please? Couldjoo spee di dup, pleez? Would you mind if I tried it? Would joo mindifai try dit? Aren’t you Bob Barker? Arnchoo Bab Barker? Can’t you see it my way for a change? K?nchoo see it my way for achange? Don’t you get it? Doancha geddit? I should have told you. I shoulda toljoo. Tell her (that) I miss her. Teller I misser. Tell him (that) I miss him. Tellim I missim. Did you eat? Jeet? No, did you? No, joo? Why don’t you get a job? Whyncha getta job? I don’t know, it’s too hard. I dunno, stoo h?rd. Could we go? Kwee gou? Let’s go! Sko! 英語發(fā)音規(guī)則
一、 連讀
連讀有兩種規(guī)則，分別為：
1、 以輔音結(jié)尾的單詞+元音開頭的單詞：要連讀
如：I’d li(ke a)nother bow(l o)f rice.
這里like / laik / 以輔音結(jié)尾，another 以元音開頭，所以連讀
注意：
以輔音結(jié)尾 指的是音標(biāo)中的最后一個音是輔音，而不是單詞的結(jié)尾，這如同u[ju:.]niversity前面的定冠詞必須用a 一樣。
2、以輔音結(jié)尾的單詞 + h開頭的單詞h不發(fā)音，與前面的輔音
what wil(l he) [wili]do?
Ha(s he) done it before?
Mus(t he) [ti] go?
Can he do it?
Should he….?
Tell him to ask her….
Lea(ve him) [vim].
For him (連讀這個詞，會發(fā)現(xiàn)和forum 很相似)
我第一次知道這一連讀規(guī)則時，興奮不已，很容易的聽懂了許多以前覺得很難以理解的句子，
并且按照這種連讀方式發(fā)音省力、輕松了許多。再次證實”Economy”。
二、 音的同化
音的同化也是一種連讀的現(xiàn)象，兩個詞之間非常平滑的過渡，導(dǎo)致一個音受臨音影響而變化。主要是以下三種方式：
1、 輔音[d]與[j]相鄰時，被同化為[dэ]：Would you....?
2、 輔音[t]與[j]相鄰時，被同化為[t∫]： Can’t you:。。。。？
3、 輔音[s]與[j]相鄰時, 被同化為[∫]： Miss you
三、 失音
由于失去爆破是失音的一種現(xiàn)象，摩擦音也會被失去，所以統(tǒng)稱為失音。
注意：
爆破音并不是完全失去，仍然形成阻礙，把氣流堵在里面，但不爆破，直接發(fā)出相鄰的輔音。
規(guī)則：
1、 輔音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的輔音要失去爆破。
這樣的例子有很多很多， 紅色標(biāo)注的輔音不發(fā)音：
Sit down: 發(fā)音再次的老師都不會發(fā)出 [t] 音
Contact lens:
Big cake
Dad told me
Huge change
Good night
四、 濁化
1、[S] 后面的清輔音要濁化
Discussion： [k] 濁化成 [g]
Stand： [t] 濁化成[d]
Expression： [p]濁化成
2、美音中：[t] 在單詞的中間被濁化成[d]
如：
writer， 聽起來和 rider 的發(fā)音幾乎沒有區(qū)別
letter—ladder
out of
美國人和加拿大人發(fā)音為了省事，習(xí)慣清音濁化，尤其是[t]在單詞的中間一定會濁化成[d]， 但英國人發(fā)音不會這樣，這也是英音和美音的一大區(qū)別。 了解這一濁化原則，會給聽力帶來一些幫助。
五、 弱讀
一般來說：
實詞重讀，如動詞、名詞、副詞等；
虛詞弱讀，如介詞、代詞等
弱讀的規(guī)則一般是：元音音節(jié)弱化成 [E] 或
比如說如下幾個單詞：for/to/some/does/of
查字典會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些詞都至少有兩種讀音，如for: 重讀時[fR:] , 弱讀時 [fE]
六、 節(jié)奏
對于英語的節(jié)奏，我也把握不好，而且還為此郁悶不已。在我認(rèn)為，中國人說普通化，一個句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)奏和語調(diào)往往只有一個，我想英語也應(yīng)該是這樣，但是怎么樣才是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語調(diào)呢？特意為這個問題問過英語老師，不同的外國人說同一個陳述句會有不同得語調(diào)嗎？她告訴我是的。不過在看了下面這段話之后，我想她可能誤我了。:
老外教你“殺手锏”：注意說話的節(jié)奏
十年寒窗苦讀英語，為誰辛苦為誰忙？當(dāng)然是用來和老外“侃”嘍。那外國人究竟如何看待中國人說的英語，他們說話有沒有訣竅呢？記者請教了克里斯多佛?漢普頓---英國駐上?？傤I(lǐng)事館的考官協(xié)調(diào)，他也是當(dāng)天演講比賽的裁判之一。
克里斯多佛一開口就指出了國人學(xué)英語最大的“軟檔”
“中國人喜歡在單詞的讀音上糾纏不休。尤其是年輕人，總希望自己能說一口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的美式英語，最好是帶點紐約口音的美式英語。于是，他們很努力地聽廣播、看電視，刻意模仿美國人的說話腔調(diào)。
經(jīng)過長時間的磨練，有些人的發(fā)音?
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