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1.不定式 (l)作主語(yǔ) To go to the palace without jewellery is to say “I’m poor.” 不戴珠寶去宮廷就是說(shuō):“我很窮?!?/p> To learn a foreingn language is not easy. 學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事。 通常情況下,我們用it代替不定式作形式主語(yǔ),而把不定式放到句子后邊。其句型為: It is /was +形容詞(或名詞)+ of /for sb.to do… It is difficult for the students to read the book. 學(xué)生們讀這本書(shū)有點(diǎn)難。 It is careless of him to break the cup. 他太粗心,把杯子打破了。 此句型中不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是由for引導(dǎo) 還是由of引 導(dǎo),取決于of或for前的形容詞。如果形容詞可修飾人則用of,如果形容詞不能修飾人,則用for; 名詞后只能用for。 (2)作賓語(yǔ) They hope to find new resources for mankind. 他們希望為人類(lèi)找到新資源。 I didn’t dare to stop, so I ran quickly toward the school. 我不敢停下來(lái),所以就飛快地朝學(xué)校跑去。 不定式作賓語(yǔ),只能跟在某些動(dòng)詞后,常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有:agree, arrange, ask, choose, dare, learn, demand, expect, hope, wish, manage, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse,decide等。 (3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 1)可以用帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:ask, tell, order, invite, beg, force, forbid,get, allow, permit, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, command, warn, cause 等。如: He persuaded all the world-famous pop stars to come and sing at one of these concerts for free. 他說(shuō)服了所有世界著名的歌星免費(fèi)參加這些音樂(lè)會(huì)中的一場(chǎng)演出。 Marx was forced to leave his homeland for some political reasons. 由于一些政治原因,馬克思被迫離開(kāi)自己的祖國(guó)。 2)think, consider ,believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, take這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),不定式多由“to be+形容詞”構(gòu)成。如: He doesn’t consider that to be important. 他認(rèn)為那不重要。 They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)人幸??鞓?lè)。 3)能用不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的 動(dòng)詞有:兩聽(tīng),五看,一感覺(jué)。即:hear, listen to, see, watch, look, at, notice, observe, feel等。如: I often hear them sing this song. 我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到他們唱這首歌。 Did you notice anyone take the book away? 你有沒(méi)有注意到誰(shuí)拿走了那本書(shū)? 4)使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have后,用不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如: The teacher makes us read English every day. 老師讓我們每天讀英語(yǔ)。 The soldiers had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵們讓他背對(duì)他父親站著。 (4)作定語(yǔ) 1)不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如: Do you have anything more to say? 你還有什么要說(shuō)的嗎? I have a lot of work to do today. 今天我有很多事要做。 2)作定語(yǔ)用的不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),不定式后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如: There is nothing to worry about. 沒(méi)有什么可擔(dān)心的。 She has many important things to attend to. 她有很多重要的事情要處理。 (5)作狀語(yǔ) 不定式作狀語(yǔ),可表示目的、結(jié)果或原因。 l)修飾動(dòng)詞 He must be a fool to say such a thing. 說(shuō)這樣的話(huà),他肯定是個(gè)傻子。 Women are made to be loved ,not to be understood. 女人要被愛(ài),而不是被理解。 2)修飾形容詞 I am sorry to hear the news of your father’s death. 聽(tīng)到你父親去世的消息我很難過(guò)。 We were surprised to find him there. 發(fā)現(xiàn)他在那兒我們感到很驚奇。 3)修飾too或enough She was too young to understand all that. 她太小不能理解這一切。 We found the room not big enough to hold so many people. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)房子不夠大,不能容納所有的人。 (6)不定式的被動(dòng)式 1)當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式要用被動(dòng)式。這時(shí),它與受詞為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如: She asked to be sent to work in xizang. 她要求被派到西藏去工作。 He wanted the letter to be typed at once. 他要求把信立刻打印。 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ): A.可能是句子的主語(yǔ)。 She hated to be flattered. 她討厭被奉承。 No one likes to be laughed at in public. 沒(méi)有人愿意在公共場(chǎng)合被嘲笑。 B.可以是句子的賓語(yǔ)。 He didn’t expect the book to be so well received 他沒(méi)想到那本書(shū)那么受歡迎。 The teacher ordered the hmoework to be finished before supper. 老師要求晚飯前把作業(yè)做完。 2)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式與句子中的另一個(gè)名詞或代詞(不是離它近的名詞或代詞)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如: The box is too heavy for me to carry. 箱子太重我拿不動(dòng)。 I have something important to do today. 今天我有些重要的事情要做。 注意:若不定式的動(dòng)作由句子中所存在的人發(fā)出不定式用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng);若不定式的動(dòng)作由句子中所不存在的人發(fā)出,不定式用被動(dòng)式。 (7)連接代詞(或連接副詞)+不定式 這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近于一個(gè)名詞從句,常用在tell,show,know,decide, teach, learn, discuss, wonder, remember, find out, explain, forget等詞之后。如: Have you decided when to hole the party? 你們決定什么時(shí)候開(kāi)晚會(huì)了嗎? The driver showed us how to drive a car? 司機(jī)教我們?cè)鯓娱_(kāi)車(chē)。 (8)不定式to的省略 1)在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞后。如: You must finish your homework first then you can go out.你必須先做完作業(yè),然后才能出去。 May the friendship between our two countries last forever!祝我們兩國(guó)的友誼萬(wàn)古長(zhǎng)青。 但ought, have和be后不能省略to。 2)使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞后不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)。如: I will not let my children be treated in that way.我不會(huì)讓我的孩子被那樣對(duì)待的。 You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink. 你可以把馬牽到水邊,但你不可能強(qiáng)迫他喝水。 Help后的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),可以用to,也可以不用to。 3)在why引導(dǎo)的表示建議性的句子中。如: Why spend such a lot of money? 為什么花那么多錢(qián)? Why not ask our teacher to help you with the problem? 為什么不請(qǐng)老師幫你解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題? 4)在had better, had best, would rather, would tather…than, can’t but, do nothing but, rather than, would sooner等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如: You’d better do what I tell you to. 你最好按我說(shuō)的做。 They would rather try and fail than give up the plan. 他們寧愿再試,再失敗,也不愿意放棄。 5)當(dāng)一個(gè)不定式被省略掉時(shí),to要保留下來(lái),表示省略了一個(gè)不定式。如: He asked her to stay, but she didn’t want to . 他要她留下,但她卻不想。 —Would you like to go with us for a picnic tomorrow? 明天愿意和我們一起去野餐嗎? 一Yes,I’d like to.愿意。 2.動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞既有名詞的性質(zhì),也有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)。作名詞時(shí),可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ);作動(dòng)詞時(shí)可有自己的賓語(yǔ),也可用副詞修飾。 (1)作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ) Learning a language requires time and effort. 學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言需要時(shí)間和努力。 The report was so inspiring that they were all excited. 報(bào)告那么鼓舞人心,所以他們都很激動(dòng)。動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。在表示比較抽象的經(jīng)常性行為時(shí),多用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體某次動(dòng)作時(shí),特別是將來(lái)動(dòng)作時(shí),用不定式。 作賓語(yǔ) (2) 以下動(dòng)詞需用動(dòng)名詞作賓補(bǔ): suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, consider, practise, allow, prefer等。如: Students should practise speaking English every day.學(xué)生們應(yīng)該每天練習(xí)講英語(yǔ)。 We can’t help laughing at the funny story. 聽(tīng)到那個(gè)可笑的故事我們禁不住大笑起來(lái)。 2)love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, want, need, require, remember, forget, regret, try等詞后,既可跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),也可跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。 A.love, like, hate, prefer, dislike 表經(jīng)常性的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作時(shí)跟動(dòng)名詞;表某次特定的動(dòng)作時(shí)跟不定式。如: I like swimming in summer, but I don’t like to swim today. 我喜歡夏天游泳,但我今天不想游。 He prefers making speeches after careful preparation. 他喜歡認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備以后作報(bào)告。 B.begin, start, continue a.表“有意識(shí)”,用人作主語(yǔ)時(shí),后接動(dòng)名詞;表“無(wú)意識(shí)”,用物作主語(yǔ)時(shí),后接不定式。如: I started learning English when I was ten. 我10歲時(shí)開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)。 It began to rain at nine last night. 昨晚9點(diǎn)開(kāi)始下雨。 b.當(dāng)這三個(gè)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),后面只能跟不定式。如: The bus is starting to run. 公共汽車(chē)開(kāi)始動(dòng)了。 Li Ming is continuing to study hard. 李明一直學(xué)習(xí)很努力。 C.當(dāng)這三個(gè)詞后面所限動(dòng)詞為表示精神狀態(tài)或心理活動(dòng)的詞時(shí),只能接動(dòng)詞不定式。如: I begin to doubt his honesty. 我開(kāi)始懷疑他的誠(chéng)實(shí)。 I continue to feel terrible.我還感到難受。 d.want, need, require 接動(dòng)名詞表示“需要”,物作主語(yǔ);接不定式表示“想干…”,人作主語(yǔ)。如: My bike needs repairing. 我的自行車(chē)需要修理。 She wants to have a word with you. 她想和你談?wù)劇?/p> D. remember to do sth.記住做某事; remember doing sth.記得做過(guò)某事。 Remember to meet me at the airport tonight. 記住今天晚上來(lái)機(jī)場(chǎng)接我。 I remember having heard you speak on that subject.我記得聽(tīng)你談過(guò)那個(gè)問(wèn)題。 E.forget to do sth.忘記了干某事;forget dong sth. 忘記了是否干過(guò)某事。 He had forgotten to bring his umbrella and he was wet through.他忘了帶傘,所以全身濕透了。 I forgot giving him a ticket in the morning. 我忘了早上是否給過(guò)他票。 F. regret to do sth.對(duì)要做的事表示抱歉。 regret doing sth.后悔做過(guò)某事。 I regret to inform you that you are dismissed. 我很遺憾地告訴你,你被解雇了。 She regrets not having taken my advice. 她后悔沒(méi)有聽(tīng)我的建議。 G.try to do sth.盡力,努力做某事;try doing sth.試著做某事。 He tried to break away from me. 他想和我斷絕往來(lái)。 Try doing more exercise, and you will soon lose weight.多鍛煉,你會(huì)減肥的。 3)介詞賓語(yǔ) 能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的成語(yǔ)很多,應(yīng)掌握的有:insist on, think of, dream of ,charge…with, prevent…from,keep…from, stop … from, look forward to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote …to, set about, spend … in, get/be used to, be fond of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, be pround of 等。如: I don’t feel like eating anything. 我不想吃飯。 The foreigner has used to living here. 那個(gè)老外已習(xí)慣于在這里居住了。 4)時(shí)態(tài)
動(dòng)名詞的一般時(shí)態(tài),表示其動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作與 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。完成式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如: He is proud of being a Chinese. 作為一個(gè)中國(guó)人他感到驕傲。 I’m sure of his having been elected. 我肯定他被選上了。 5)動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別: A.動(dòng)名詞有名詞性質(zhì),可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ);現(xiàn)在分詞有動(dòng)詞性質(zhì),不能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。 B.作定語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)名詞表功能,表用途;現(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作。 6)動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法 A.There is no+v-ing…是不可能的 There is no knowing how old he is. 沒(méi)人知道他多歲。 There is no joking that he was elected. 他被選上了不是開(kāi)玩笑。 B.feel like+v-ing想… I don’t feel like going to see the film tonight. 我今晚不想看電影。 I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him. 我很生氣,真想拿什么東西砸他一下。 C.go+v-ing(v-ing指運(yùn)動(dòng)或游戲) Let’s go boating this Sunday. 星期天我們?nèi)澊?/p> I go swimming in summer almost every day. 夏天我?guī)缀趺刻烊ビ斡尽?/p> D.can’t help+v-ing禁不住 I couldn’t help overhelping what he said. 我禁不住想偷聽(tīng)他說(shuō)什么。 We couldn’t help laughing at his joke. 聽(tīng)到他的笑話(huà)我們禁不住笑了。 E.be on the point of+ v-ing正要…,正準(zhǔn)備… He is on the point of leaving.他就要離開(kāi)。 I am on the point of crying.我簡(jiǎn)直要哭了。 F.on+v-ing一…就= as soon as… On arriving there, he rang me up. 一到那里,他就給我打電話(huà)。 On hearing that, she cried out. 聽(tīng)到那個(gè)消息,她就哭了。 G.It is no use+v-ing…是沒(méi)有用的 It is no good+ v-ing…是沒(méi)好處的 It is a waste of time+v-ing干…是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間 It is no use talking with him. 和他談話(huà)是沒(méi)用的。 It is a waste of time watching TV in the evening.晚上看電視是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。 difficulty有困難 trouble有困難 H.have fun有趣 ( in)+v-ing a hard time艱苦 a good time玩得愉快 Do you have any trouble (in) learning English? 你學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)有什么困難嗎? I had a hard time living there. 在那兒生活很艱苦。 注意:如果要表示“有困難”,difficulty和trouble前可加some,much,great;要表示“沒(méi)困難”,difficulty和trouble前可加no,little,也可把句子否定。如果句子前無(wú)主語(yǔ),則用“There be…”句型。 3.現(xiàn)在分詞 (1)時(shí)態(tài)
(2)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)分為一般式和完成式。一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。如: He hurried home,looking behind as he went. 他急忙回家,一邊走一邊向后看。 Having finished their homework,they went out to play.做完作業(yè),他們出去玩。 2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)分為一般式和完成 式。一般式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。完成式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。如: The large building being built will be the library.正在建的大樓將來(lái)是個(gè)圖書(shū)館。 Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.被帶著看完實(shí)驗(yàn)室后,我們又被帶著參觀了圖書(shū)館。 (3)作定語(yǔ) 作定語(yǔ)用的現(xiàn)在分詞如果是單個(gè)的詞,放在名詞的前面。如果是分詞短語(yǔ),則放在名詞后邊?,F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作。如: When the firefighters reached the burning building they found that their ladders were not long enough.當(dāng)消防隊(duì)員到達(dá)正在燃燒的大樓,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的梯子不夠長(zhǎng)。 How I regret the days having been wasted in doing the useless work!我多么后悔把那些日子 浪費(fèi)在做那些無(wú)用的工作上! 放在名詞后的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)可表示下列兩種情況: l)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句時(shí)須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))。如: The boy standing (who is standing) there is a classmate of mine. 站在那邊的男孩是我的一個(gè)同學(xué)。 The large building being built(which is being built) will be a library. 正在建造的大樓將會(huì)是一個(gè)圖書(shū)館。 2)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)(變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句時(shí)用一般時(shí)態(tài))。如: They built a highway leading(which leads)into the mountain. 他們修建了一條通向山區(qū)的公路。 The room facing (which faces) the south is mine..面朝南的房子是我的。 (4)作表語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征,多數(shù)情況下被認(rèn)為是物化形容詞。如: The football match we watched was very exciting.我們看過(guò)的那場(chǎng)足球賽激動(dòng)人心。 The magazine's issue on marriage was especially interesting. 雜志中關(guān)于婚姻問(wèn)題的辯論特別有趣。 (5)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞可在下列動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,get,have,feel等。如: I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 對(duì)不起,讓你等了。 Can you hear him singing next door? 你能聽(tīng)到他在隔壁唱歌嗎? (6)作狀語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作,對(duì)謂語(yǔ)加一修飾或陪襯。另外應(yīng)注意: l)現(xiàn)在分詞和主句的主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 2)分詞表示比較次要的動(dòng)作。 3)分詞表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如: Not knowing her address,we couldn't get in touch with her.不知道她的地址,我們沒(méi)有辦法和她取得聯(lián)系。 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 聽(tīng)到那個(gè)消息,他們高興得跳了起來(lái)。 注意:當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞用作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),主句前不加so;用作讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí),主句前不加but。反之,就不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。 (7)當(dāng)when,while,before,afte等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相一致時(shí),從句可用省略形式,即“連接詞+v-ing”。如 After spending the weekend in the capital,we took a taxi to the airport.在首都度完了周末,我們乘出租車(chē)去了飛機(jī)場(chǎng)。 Waste water from a number of cities is cleaned before flowing back into rivers.許多城市里的廢水被凈化后才讓它流回河里。 4.過(guò)去分詞 (1)作定語(yǔ) 如果是單個(gè)的詞;放在所修飾的名詞之前;如果是短語(yǔ),放在所修飾的名詞之后。如: A broken cup is lying on the ground. 打碎的杯子擺在地上。 This is one of the factories built in the 1960s. 這是20世紀(jì)60年代建造的工廠之一。 放在名詞后的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),被認(rèn)為是: l)一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句,表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。如: We will visit a boy named (who is named)Charlie Green. 我們將拜訪一個(gè)叫查理·格林的男孩。 The letter posted (which was posted)today willl reach him the day after tomorrow. 今天發(fā)的信后天他才能收到。 2)沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性,不宜變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句。如: He is a teacher loved by all his students. 他是一個(gè)受所有學(xué)生愛(ài)戴的老師。 Some people hate to see letters written in pencil.有些人不喜歡看用鉛筆寫(xiě)的信。 另外,過(guò)去分詞除了作限定定語(yǔ)外,還可作非限定定語(yǔ),作非限定定語(yǔ)時(shí),前后要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。如: The book,written in 1990(which was written in 1990),was published in 1998. 1990年寫(xiě)的那本書(shū),1998年才出版。 The building,finished in September(which was finished in September),was an excelent one. 9月份完工的那幢樓是一個(gè)優(yōu)質(zhì)工程。 (2)作表語(yǔ) 表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。如: My car is broken, so I go to work on foot. 我的車(chē)壞了,所以我步行去上班。 He was terrified at seeing the footmark. 看到那個(gè)腳印他很害怕。 (3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞可在下列動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等。如: The effort to get my plan finished has tired me out.完成計(jì)劃的努力使得我精疲力盡。 I intended to have my daughters educated in England.我想讓女兒們到英國(guó)去受教育。 (4)作狀語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系。如: Greatly moved by his words,we made up our minds to study harder.被他的話(huà)深深地感動(dòng)了,我們決心更努力地學(xué)習(xí)。 Seen from the hill,the park looks more beautiful.從山頂上看,公園更漂亮。 (5)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)必須和句子的主語(yǔ)一致,但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語(yǔ),這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如: 名詞或代詞+ 不分詞、分詞 I have paid you ten yuan, the left to pay off next month. 我已經(jīng)還了你10元錢(qián),剩余的下個(gè)月還清。 Weather permitting,we will go boating tomorrow.天氣允許的話(huà),我們明天去劃船。 He lay on his back,his hands crossed under his head.他仰面躺著,雙手放在頭下。 5.過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別 (l)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞一般表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間早于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而“being+過(guò)去分詞”則表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。如: He likes to read books written by Lu Xun. 他喜歡讀魯迅的書(shū)。 This is the house being built now. 這幢房子正在建設(shè)中。 “having been+過(guò)去分詞”不能作定語(yǔ) (2)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞與“having been+過(guò)去分詞”相差無(wú)幾。但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞狀語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前,宜用“having been+過(guò)去分詞”。如: Rewritten in simple English, the book is easy to read.用簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)改寫(xiě)后,這本書(shū)很容易閱讀。 Having been fed, the baby didn't cry. 嬰兒喂過(guò)以后就不哭了。 (3)作方式狀語(yǔ)或伴隨狀語(yǔ)常用過(guò)去分詞,而不用“being+過(guò)去分詞”。如: The trainer appeared,followed by several litle dogs.馴獸員出來(lái)了,后面跟了幾只小狗。 Inspired by his example, we went on working again.受他的榜樣鼓舞,我們又繼續(xù)工作。 |
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來(lái)自: 許愿真 > 《高考系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)》