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高考英語書面表達(dá)的應(yīng)試策略與技術(shù) 鄧 北 平 英語書面表達(dá)的寫作形式，表面看上去是寫信，寫日記等應(yīng)用文體，但實(shí)際的要求卻是完全不同的東西。通過對(duì)近年全國(guó)卷和地方卷中書面表達(dá)試題的分析研究， 我們認(rèn)為用敘事性質(zhì)、陳說性質(zhì)、議論性質(zhì)和混合性質(zhì)（陳說+議論性質(zhì)或敘事+議論性質(zhì)）等概念來表述高考書面表達(dá)的這種特殊現(xiàn)象更科學(xué)、更規(guī)范。書面表達(dá)并不是實(shí)質(zhì)意義上的作文，而只是口語表達(dá)的書面形式！ 這也就是說高考英語書面表達(dá)并非實(shí)質(zhì)性作文，它無需修辭，無需發(fā)散，無需升華，無需動(dòng)情，一言以蔽之，它僅具有作文的三個(gè)最原始的要求：切題，達(dá)意，邏輯。有些試題由于編制得過于謹(jǐn)慎，使得作文的控制性過大以至于如同翻譯，因而難度也隨著降低。但是對(duì)于北京試題和上海試題而言情況則有所不同，因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)寫作文體的要求略高于全國(guó)題和其他省市試題，權(quán)當(dāng)?shù)胤教厣? 就高考英語全國(guó)卷和地方卷而言，書面表達(dá)試題的地位舉足輕重，無論就其賦分還是實(shí)際難度，對(duì)于考生，可能是他們心中“永遠(yuǎn)的痛”，特別是想獲高分，往往更覺不可企及。根據(jù)我們對(duì)高考英語的深入而全面的研究，可以坦言：書面表達(dá)不足畏！ 一、書面表達(dá)的語匯準(zhǔn)備 任何一篇文章都離不開篇章紐帶的起承轉(zhuǎn)合。尤其是高考英語書面表達(dá)，盡管它不屬于真正意義上的作文，但作文的基本要素卻是不能缺乏的。因此，高分的關(guān)鍵和作文的出彩在于過渡詞(transitional words)恰到好處的運(yùn)用。牢記并自如地運(yùn)用過渡詞是每一位考生決勝高考的法寶。以下是書面表達(dá)中常用連詞分類舉例。 ▲舉例: for example, for instance, take…for example, such as, like， and so on，so on and so forth, and so on and on and on, etc.等。 ▲說明: that’s to say，in other words，namely,等。 ▲因果： so，for，therefore，as a result，thus，because，because of, thanks to…，owing to…, due to ……等。 ▲遞進(jìn): then，besides，in addition, furthermore，moreover, what’s more等。 ▲順序: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally；in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly to begin with, then, furthermore, finally；to start with, next, in addition, finally； first and foremost, besides, last but not least；most important of all, moreover, finally（以上為時(shí)間順序） in the front of，in front of …， before, behind, at the back of, on the right/left(of)，to the right /left of…，on the other side of …，in the center of …，in the middle of …，at the beginning of , at the end of …，by the side of …，on the top of …，at the foot of …，on the bottom of, inside，outside, upstairs, downstairs（以上為空間順序） ▲轉(zhuǎn)折: nevertheless, however, although, though, but，on the country，after all, oppositely等。 ▲總結(jié): in short, in a word, in general, generally speaking, finally，at last，as far as I know，in brief， briefly speaking, in the end, as a matter of fact, in reality, in fact, on the whole, in conclusion, on account of this, therefore等。 ▲強(qiáng)調(diào): really, indeed，certainly，surely，for sure, above all等。 ▲對(duì)比: in the same way，just as， in common with, compared with, on the one hand…on the other hand, for one thing… for another，similarly等。 ▲平行： and，both…and…，as well as，as well，neither…nor…or，either…or…，not only…but also…等。 二、書面表達(dá)的常考常用句型 在實(shí)際的英語寫作中，我們應(yīng)該掌握一些常用的句型以便在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中發(fā)揮作用。高考英語書面表達(dá)的句式基本上都是簡(jiǎn)單句，就是復(fù)合句也大都是極普通的常用句式或句型。先討論簡(jiǎn)單句的使用情況。所謂簡(jiǎn)單句式在英語中無非是三種基本句型及其擴(kuò)充。 一類是S.+V.+O.式，例如, ①I like English and computer best. （NMET1996） ②I started school from 1984 to 1990. (NMET1996) 二類是S.+V.+Adv.式，例如， ① My parents live in the country. (NMET1993) ②The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. (NMET1997) 三類是S.+V.+Pre. 例如， ①M(fèi)y name is Li Hua. (NMET1996) ②The playground is now in front of the school. (NMET1999) ③It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8，2000. (NMET2000) 下面我們主要分析一下書面表達(dá)中部分復(fù)合句式，慣用句型與套語以及慣用結(jié)構(gòu)等。 高考英語書面表達(dá)中的復(fù)合句式多為帶時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句和帶賓語從句的復(fù)合句，其他如強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、帶定語從句的復(fù)合句、帶主語從句的復(fù)合句、 條件句、讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折的句式等, 也是常見常用?？嫉膹?fù)合句形式。有些復(fù)合句式幾乎年年都考。復(fù)合句雖可化簡(jiǎn)，但就一篇文章而言，若全是簡(jiǎn)單句，無一復(fù)合句或難句起采，難見考生功力，得高分就不容易了。所以，該用復(fù)合句或難句表現(xiàn)的，而且自信沒什么問題，就應(yīng)大膽寫出來, 考生切記。 1. 帶時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句 ①Before we knew it, we had to say good-bye to the workers. (NMET1998) ②In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. (NMET2001) ③As we got into a forest, we lost out way.(北京2002) ④It’s also possible a pickpocket stole your money while you were shopping. （2004北京卷） ⑤When I was about to play football, I saw mom washing clothes for me. (2004重慶卷) ⑥By the time mom came back, I had finished the work. (2004重慶卷) ⑦Soon after I started, a friend came and invited me to play football with him.(2004重慶卷) ⑧As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it between the snatcher’s legs. (2004遼寧卷) 這類時(shí)間狀語從句不僅考得頻繁，而且連詞when, while, as, before, after甚至by the time都考到了，時(shí)態(tài)上現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)等都出現(xiàn)了。而且有些年份帶時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句還同時(shí)出現(xiàn)多次。因此我們建議廣大考生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練這類復(fù)合句，在高考中盡量少犯錯(cuò)誤。 2. 帶賓語從句的復(fù)合句 ①I think this is a good chance for you to show your singing talent, and how well you’ve learned Chinese. (NMET2004, I) ②I’m sure we’ll have a wonderful time and enjoy each other’s company.(NMET2004, II) ③I am so sorry that I won’t be able to attend the lecture on American history tomorrow afternoon. (NMET2004, III) ④I wonder if it is possible for the talk to be recorded, and if so, could I borrow the tape? (NMET2004, III) ⑤I’m so pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese. (2004浙江卷) ⑥Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries. (2004浙江卷) ⑦Some of them think that English learning should start from childhood. （2004湖北卷） ⑧I would also think that the growth population should be brought under control so that we’ll have a better hometown in future. （2004江蘇卷） 3. 帶定語從句的復(fù)合句 ①The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET2003) ②If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. (NMET2004, I) ③People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. (NMET2002) ④As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities. （2004北京卷） ⑤So the missing money still must be in the other jacket, the one you were wearing yesterday! （2004北京卷） 4. 其他 ▲強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister. (NMET1993) ▲帶主語從句的復(fù)合句 ①Here is how you can find us. (NMET1995) ②On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building—our library. (NMET1999) ▲so that句型： ①I became so impatient that I had to go to explain my difficulty. (2004廣東卷) ②I am so sorry that I won’t be able to …. tomorrow afternoon. (NMET2004, III) ③I would also think that the growth population should be brought under control so that we’ll have a better hometown in future. （2004江蘇卷） ④The noise was so loud that I couldn’t go on studying. (2004廣東卷) ▲讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折： ①It was hard for me, but I felt it a pleasure to be able to share housework with mom. (2004重慶卷) ②I don’t know about others， but I used to have to work even at weekends doing homework and attending classes as well. (NMET2001) ③Although the city is modern and convenient, there are still some problems, such as air pollution, crowdedness and noise. (2004湖南卷) ④I know the school will organize a lot of things for you to do in the morning, but in the afternoon, I’ll show you around and take you to some places of interest. (NMET2004, II) ▲條件句： ①If they study Chinese pinyin and English at the same time, it will be very easy for them to mix them up.（2004湖北卷） ②If you would like to try, you’ ll have to go to the TV station to sign up before the end of June. (NMET2004, I) ③If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help. (NMET2004, I) 三．書面表達(dá)開頭和結(jié)尾的寫作 1．書面表達(dá)的開頭 俗話說萬事開頭難。其實(shí)，一點(diǎn)也不難。高考英語書面表達(dá)的開頭句一般已為你寫好。你要做的是分段縮進(jìn)重起第二段。注意千萬不要接著已寫好的首句。一是不美觀，二是不便于閱卷老師細(xì)覽。那么你的起頭句實(shí)際上是第二段了。開始句根據(jù)要求一般可以寫的漂亮一點(diǎn)，即要用一些好的套語開始。比如：⑧⑧ ①Opinions are divided on the question. (NMET2002) ②Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different after-class activities. （2004北京卷） ③As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities.（2004北京卷） ④Although the city is modern and convenient, there are still some problems, such as air pollution, crowdedness and noise.（2004湖南卷） ⑤My parents and I are very pleased to have you with us.(2004全國(guó)卷I) ⑥I am so sorry that I won’t be able to attend the lecture on American history tomorrow afternoon. (2004全國(guó)卷III) 可是很多考生總在開頭處寫的不盡如人意，總喜歡搞一些生造的句子或詞語來開頭，這是一大忌。有些開頭可以以套語開始，或以俗語開始比較有力，這樣就容易被老師看好。檔位在開始時(shí)就已定得很高了?，F(xiàn)以2004湖北卷書面表達(dá)試題的開始句為例看考生的千奇百怪的錯(cuò)誤： ①Some students agreed start learning English from childhood. ②Some students think: we should learn English from childhood. Because of we have a good memory in childhood. ③Some students considered it’s useless to slart learning English from childhood. ④One group thought its necessary to start learning English from child. ⑤In some students opinion, we shall start learning English from childhood. ⑥Some of students considered that children at their ages had a good memory… 2．書面表達(dá)的結(jié)尾：⑦⑧ 結(jié)尾在書面表達(dá)的寫作中占有很重要的地位，通常結(jié)尾都要算一個(gè)內(nèi)容要求，所以，寫好結(jié)尾且讓閱卷老師有一個(gè)完整的印象是十分必要的。好的結(jié)尾可以是一段，由一句或幾句話組成，能使全文增色。例如： ①If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.（ 2004全國(guó)卷I） ②It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is covered in the talk. （2004全國(guó)卷III） ③What’s more, some statues of famous people will be set up to encourage us to work harder. Don’t you think it a wonderful program? （2004福建卷） ④Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries. （2004浙江卷） ⑤By the time mom came back, I had finished the work. Mom praised me, and I felt proud too. （2004重慶卷） ⑥In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.（2004湖北卷） 但是，在實(shí)際的操作中，許多考生卻不知如何來結(jié)尾，原本一、兩句話或極少的表達(dá)就可很圓滿地完成寫作任務(wù)，往往又旁生枝節(jié)，寫上一些廢話，甚至錯(cuò)話，結(jié)果因表達(dá)不當(dāng)又被扣分。以2004年湖北卷書面表達(dá)試題考生的錯(cuò)誤為例，可以看出很多考生是吃力不討好的。結(jié)尾中主要的錯(cuò)誤體現(xiàn)在不必要的累贅和廢話上面： ▲結(jié)尾的枝節(jié)（不必要的累贅） ①In a word, the discussion is broken.. ②In my opinion, the students should enjoy free, sunshine, flowers, the walks in the beauty of the countryside not except the studying. ③Though they have two different kinds of opinions about this discussion, but they are very friendly in this discussion. ▲廢話 ①The discuss meeting didn’t again a same result. ②What do you think, can you tell me. ③The discussion didn’t get a conclusion. What’s your opinion? 四．書面表達(dá)的寫作過程 書面表達(dá)并非作文，只是“書面”的“表達(dá)”而已，因此只須說清楚寫清楚就行。考生必須明白書面表達(dá)應(yīng)有四道“工序”，即：審題、草稿、謄正和核對(duì)。 1. 審題要多心 高考書面表達(dá)試題一般會(huì)以圖畫、圖表、提綱、文字?jǐn)⑹龅刃问匠霈F(xiàn)，但不管是什么形式，第一要求就是弄清題目的意圖，寧可多話點(diǎn)時(shí)間在審題上，也總比看錯(cuò)題答跑題強(qiáng)百倍。然后就是要確定要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，理出寫作的順序，規(guī)劃段落內(nèi)容的分配，全文的大致邏輯框架，關(guān)聯(lián)詞的選用，套語與常規(guī)句型的選用。應(yīng)該在心中有一個(gè)大致的漢語架構(gòu)，若能建立英語的寫作架構(gòu)則為上佳。 2.草稿要細(xì)心 在整個(gè)草稿的寫作過程中，應(yīng)該不時(shí)地觀察內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，以防漏掉要點(diǎn)，即使是草稿也要一絲不茍認(rèn)真地書寫，這不僅是習(xí)慣，而且在謄正過程中還會(huì)減少錯(cuò)誤。時(shí)間順序是否得當(dāng)？空間順序是否得體？時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)是否一致？關(guān)聯(lián)詞的與全文的邏輯關(guān)系是否清楚？開頭句與結(jié)尾部分寫的得如何？有否低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤等等？ 3.謄正要小心 謄正在某種意義上講還有修改、潤(rùn)色的意思，因此，它并不是單純的和機(jī)械地抄錄草稿，有鑒于此，我們就應(yīng)該特別地小心，認(rèn)真的將每一句話謄正并不斷在心中掂量，以求達(dá)到完美的寫作要求。另外，對(duì)于大詞的選用既要大膽，又要準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)傳神，否則就失去了寫難句和用大詞的意義。盡管我們并不太主張遍地是難句和較高級(jí)詞匯，但我們也決不愿意看到完全不用好句子來表達(dá)好的思想的文章。 4. 核對(duì)要耐心 作文的核對(duì)與起草同樣重要，甚至更應(yīng)引起考生的關(guān)注，稍一粗心即會(huì)導(dǎo)致大錯(cuò)而失分。核對(duì)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括以下幾點(diǎn)： （1）名詞問題：數(shù)、格、形式、是否需要冠詞、代詞等。 （2）動(dòng)詞問題：時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣 （3）一致：主謂、人稱、數(shù) （4）形容詞副詞的等級(jí)形式，介詞搭配 （5）句子完整與否？（是否有漏詞、多詞、缺主語或謂語等現(xiàn)象） （6）有無生造的詞組或句型？遣詞達(dá)意與否？是否得體？ 5.書面表達(dá)的寫作規(guī)范 字:字體一致; 字色為簽字筆的黑色; 字跡工整少用連筆; 字形占格子的三分之二大小,忌寫在格子的線條上。 分段: 最好三段,至少兩段。不接著給出行寫,另外起段,縮進(jìn)兩格,不可頂格分段。 版面: 整潔、爽目。忌超格，污記，涂黑等。若必須更改，可將錯(cuò)詞括起來，再于其上更正。若為十行格，可寫滿，每行十一詞左右。若十二行格，亦可寫滿，每行十詞左右。 篇章紐帶: 使用必要的篇章紐帶可使文章看起來讀起來更象英文，避免漢味的生硬和粗糙。 |
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