定語從句詳解(2)

許愿真 2014-05-22

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8. 介詞加關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，若關(guān)系代詞緊靠在介詞后，先行詞是人時，用whom，先行詞是物時，用which，不用who或that，關(guān)系代詞whom和which不能省略。至于用什么介詞，一般可由定語從句的謂語與先行詞之間需要加是什么介詞來搭配才講得通來確定。如：
(1) Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ___ we would have lost our way. (2004安徽春招)
A. it       B. that      C. this      D. which
答案是D。先行詞是物，緊跟在介詞后的關(guān)系代詞，只能用which。
(2) The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. (2004全國)
A. for which  B. at which   C. in which  D. on which
答案是C。關(guān)系代詞都是which，關(guān)鍵是確定用哪個介詞。在定語從句謂語動詞acted與先行詞the English play之間，顯然要加上in才講得通。
(3) American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently. (2004上海)
A. who   B. as   C. about which D. with whom
答案是D。在定語從句的謂語動詞talk與先行詞someone之間，需要加上to或with，才講得通，即：talk with /to sb.(和某人交談)。
(4) In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ____ many people have got home. (95上海)
A. whose time B. that     C. on which    D. by which
答案是D。先行詞5:30 p.m.是鐘點，鐘點前不用介詞on；用by表示“那到時為止”。句意為：在辦公室里，我似乎總是到下午5:30才有空，到那個時候，許多人都已回到家了。
(5) The gentleman ______you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (00上海春)
    A. who       B. about whom C. whom     D. with whom
答案是B。在定語從句的謂語told me與先行詞the gentleman之間，要加上about才講得通。句意是：你昨天對我談起的那個紳士原來是個賊。
(6) In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____she could turn for help. (NMET92)
A. that   B. who   C. from whom  D. to whom
答案是D。turn to sb. for help向某人尋求幫助。
注：
①介詞可放在定語從句后面，這時，可用關(guān)系代詞who或者that，在限制性定語從句中還可省略關(guān)系代詞。請比較：She is the woman (whom /who /that) I gave the money to. =She is the woman to whom (不能用who或that，也不能省略) I gave the money她這是我給錢的那個婦女。
②“whose+名詞”可作介詞的賓語。如：He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen. =He is the man whose house the pictures were stolen from.他就是那個家里藏畫被盜的人。

9. 關(guān)系代詞作定語的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語表示所屬關(guān)系，先行詞是人，表示“先行詞這個人的…”，用whose；先行詞是事物，表示“先行詞這個事物的…”，用whose…或the…of which或of which…都可以。如：
(1) George Orwell, _______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004北京)
    A. the real name     B. what his real name
C. his real name     D. whose real name
答案是D。這是一個插入主句中的起補充作用的非限制性定語從句，先行詞是George Orwell，表示“George Orwell的(真名)”，要用whose。
(2) Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _____leading actor is world famous? (01上海春)
A. its         B. it’s        C. whose      D. which
答案是C。表示先行詞“the film ‘Titanic’的(主演)”用whose。

10. of whom/which(其中)引導(dǎo)的定語從句
在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞作為一個整體，表示整體中的一部分，即表示“部分與整體”的關(guān)系時，用…of which/whom或者of which/whom…都可以。但與表示所屬關(guān)系不同，這里不能用whose來代替of which。如：
(1) The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days. (2004廣西)
A. of which   B. during which C. from which   D. for which
答案是A。the sailing time與nine months是部分與整體的關(guān)系：of which the sailing time =the sailing time of which =and the sailing time of the nine months(9個月中的海上航行時間)。句意是：這次環(huán)球旅行花了這個老水手9個月的時間，其中海上航行時間有226天。
(2) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _____are sold abroad. (2004遼寧)
A. of which  B. which of  C. of them  D. of that
答案是A。因為前后都是句子，又沒有連詞連接，后句應(yīng)是定語從句，排除C和D；指“50萬雙鞋中的80%”是部分與整體關(guān)系，用of which，而沒有which of這種說法。80% of which=and 80% of them。
注：表示部分與整體的關(guān)系時，of whom/which還可放在few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority等詞語之后。如：
(1) There are two buildings, _____stands nearly a hundred feet high. (2004湖北)
A. the larger      B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that    D. the larger of which
答案是D。因前后是兩個句子，必須要有連詞將其連接，排除A和B；表示這兩座建筑物中較大的那座，是部分與整體的關(guān)系，用of which。the larger of which =and the larger of them (其中較大的那一座建筑物)。
(2) Both players, neither of whom reached the final, played well.兩名運動員都沒進入決賽，但他們都表現(xiàn)得不錯。

11. the way后面的定語從句
the way后面的定語從句，關(guān)系詞若在從句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于“用這種方式/方法(=in this way)”時，通常不用關(guān)系詞，偶爾用that，在較正式的文體里才用in which來引導(dǎo)。如：
(1) What surprised me was not what he said but _____he said it. (04湖北)
A. the way  B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
答案是A。因為not…but…是對稱結(jié)構(gòu)，能與名詞性從句what he said對稱的應(yīng)當(dāng)是名詞，排除B和C；又因為先行詞是way，關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語時，通常不用關(guān)系代詞，不能用which，排除D。
(3) I don’t like ____ you speak to her. (96上海)
A. the way       B. the way in that
C. the way which      D. the way of which
答案是A。the way后的定語從句，通常不用關(guān)系詞的。句意為：我不喜歡你對她說話的那種方式。
溫馨提示：①way后不能用how引導(dǎo)定語從句，但不用way，而直接用how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句來表達這類意思。如：That’s how he did it.(他就是這樣做的。)②當(dāng)先行詞way表示方向時，不用任何關(guān)系詞。如：Was that the way she went?(她是往那個方向走的嗎？)

12. the reason后的定語從句
the reason后的定語從句，若需在定語從句中作狀語，用why, for which, that引導(dǎo)或者省略不用；若不是在定語從句中作狀語，而是作主語或賓語，就不能用why和for which，而應(yīng)用that或which，作賓語時常省略。如：
(1) That wasn’t the reason (why / for which /that) he lied to you.那不是他對你撒謊的原因。
(2) Is this the reason _____at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (02上海春)
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
答案是A。首先判斷在名詞the reason后的從句是定語從句，what和how不能引導(dǎo)定語從句，排除B和C；因為explained缺賓語，不選關(guān)系副詞，排除D；關(guān)系代詞that/which作explained的賓語，所以被省略了。

13. as引導(dǎo)的定語從句
當(dāng)先行詞前有such, as, so, the same等時，用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)，as在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。如：
She is such a kind teacher as we all like. =She is so kind a teacher as we all like.她是這樣一位和藹的老師，我們都喜歡她。(as在定語從句中作like的賓語。請比較：She is such a kind teacher that we all like her.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的that不作任何句子成分。)
注：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代表整個主句時的用法，請參見“先行詞是整個主句的定語從句”。

14. but引導(dǎo)的定語從句
but用作關(guān)系代詞，相當(dāng)于who/which/that…not，它只引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，并在定語從句中作主語；與之連用的主句也必須是否定的，這樣就構(gòu)成雙重否定，意為“沒有不，無不”，因此，全句的意思還是肯定的。如：
There is none of us but would (=who would not) like to study more.我們中沒有一個有不愿意多學(xué)點東西。

15. 分隔定語從句
定語從句一般緊靠在先行詞之后，但有時它與先行詞之間被一個定語、狀語或謂語分隔開來，這種定語從句就叫分隔定語從句。如：
(1) The film brought the hours back to me _____I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (NMET01)
A. until B. that C. when D. where
答案是C。先行詞是the hours，并在定語從句中作狀語，用關(guān)系副詞when。定語從句與先行詞被back to me所分隔。
(2) It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _____for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. (2000北京春)
A. that B. while C. which D. when
答案是D。先行詞是moment，定語從句中不缺主語或賓語，用關(guān)系副詞when(=at which)。先行詞與定語從句被for these football fans this year分開了。
(3) A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English.教你們英語的新老師明天來。先行詞與定語從句被will come tomorrow分開了。
16. 解題技巧
在解題過程中，首先要正確判斷是不是定語從句，若是疑問句要將其恢復(fù)為陳述句，尤其注意標(biāo)點符號、和是否已有并列連詞(如but, and)和從屬連詞如(if, when)，還要注意是否是強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。其次，在確定是定語從句后，就要找準(zhǔn)先行詞，看它是指人還是指物，是時間還是地點。第三，要弄清先行詞在定語從句中作什么成分。最后，再根據(jù)關(guān)系詞各自的用法特點去確定恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞。