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狀語從句(adverbial clause) 在句中作狀語，可修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞和副詞等。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。狀語從句可放在句首或句末。放在句首時，從句后面常用逗號；放在句末時，從句前面往往不用逗號。狀語從句根據(jù)它們的含義分為時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、讓步、條件、比較等九種。
一、時間狀語從句 1、while, when, whenever和as的用法比較 （1）while 常表示一段較長的時間或一個過程，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動詞和從句的動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)是同時發(fā)生的。它不能表示一時性或短暫的動作。 Don't talk so loud while( as) others are working.別人工作時，請勿大聲說話。 （2）when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，可指時間的一點(diǎn)，也可以指一段時間，從句的謂語動詞可用終止性動詞，也可用持續(xù)性動詞。when引導(dǎo)的從句表示的具體的時間，從句的動作和主句的動作可以同時，也可以先于主句的動作。Whenever指任何一個不具體的時間。 It was raining when we arrived. 我們到達(dá)時，天正下著雨。（動作同時，指時間點(diǎn)） When you read the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.當(dāng)你再讀一遍這首詩，你就更清晰它的含意。（動作有先后，指時間點(diǎn)，不能用while） （3）as 用as時主句和從句的動作往往同時發(fā)生，具有延伸意義，一般同延續(xù)性動詞連用，有時可譯作“一邊…一邊…”。 As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.隨著時間的推移，他的理論被證明是正確的。 As（when）he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他講話結(jié)束的時候，聽眾掌聲雷動。（指一點(diǎn)時間不能用while） 2、名詞詞組引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句 有時名詞every time(每次)，the next time(下一次)，the next day(第二天)，the moment(一……就……)， the instant, the second, the year等，也可起從屬連詞的作用，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。 Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.你每一次晚上回來，都把鞋子丟在地板上。 3、副詞作連詞用引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句 有些副詞如instantly, immediately，instantly，directly, presently等也可起從屬連詞的作用，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表示"一……就……"的意思。 I recognized her instantly I saw her.我一看見她就把她認(rèn)出來了。 4、since和before的用法比較 兩者均可用于"It+ be...+since/before-從句"的句型。區(qū)別在于since表示“自從……以來”，所在主、從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)關(guān)系是:It is/has been sometime since sb. did sth.。而before的含義是 “(過了多久)才……”，主、從句的時態(tài)關(guān)系是:It was/had been some time before sb. did sth.。表過去和將來時，兩者相應(yīng)的句型分別是:It was some time since sb. had done sth.和It will be some time before sb. does sth. It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. 他參加革命己三十年了。 It was three days before he came back. 他三天后才回來。 It was not long before he came back. 不久他就會來了。 二、地點(diǎn)狀語從句 地點(diǎn)狀語從句一般由where(在……地方; 那里)，wherever(無論哪里)和everywhere(在……每一個地方)引導(dǎo)。 After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. 戰(zhàn)后，一所新學(xué)校在以前的劇院處建成。 You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)養(yǎng)成慣例，將東西放在你能找到的地方。 She found her calculator where she lost it. 他在她丟的地方找到了計(jì)算器。 Everywhere they went, the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed.貴賓每到一處都受到了熱烈的歡迎。 注意：where除了表示地點(diǎn)外，還可以表示條件、對比和讓步。 Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。（條件） We want to stay at home, where children would rather spend the holiday in the country.我們想留在家里，而孩子們卻愿到鄉(xiāng)間度假。（對比） Wherever I went, the dog followed me. 無論我走到哪里，這只狗總跟著我。（讓步） 三、原因狀語從句 原因狀語從句一般由because(因?yàn)?，since(既然)，as(由于)，now that(既然，因?yàn)?等連詞引導(dǎo) 1、because, since, as, for和now that引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 （1）because 表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的語氣最強(qiáng)，常表示必然的因果關(guān)系。回答以why引起的特殊疑問句，只能用because。 Jane wore a raincoat because it was raining.因?yàn)樘煜掠辏哉泊┲暌隆?/p> （2）since 表示對方已經(jīng)知曉、無須加以說明的原因或事實(shí)，語氣比because稍弱。 I'll do it for you since you are busy.既然你忙，我來替你做吧。 Since you insist, I'll go.既然你堅(jiān)持，那我就去。 （3）as 表示的往往是十分明顯的原因，聽者或讀者已經(jīng)知道或能看得出來，語氣較弱，只附帶說明，比較口語化。 We had better hurry as it's getting dark.因?yàn)樘炜煲诹?，我們最好快點(diǎn)。 As you object, I'll change the plan.由于你反對，我將改變計(jì)劃。 （4）for for是并列連詞，它引導(dǎo)的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用來附帶解釋或說明前面一句的情況。for引導(dǎo)的分句常位于第一分句之后，它們之間用逗號隔開。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨晚準(zhǔn)是下雨了，今天早上地面還是濕的。 The day breaks, for the birds are singing.小鳥在歌唱，一定是天亮了。 （5）now that 意為"既然"，與since同義，但更突出事實(shí)本身。 Now that everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都來了，我們就開始開會吧。 Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.我既然恢復(fù)了健康，那就可以繼續(xù)工作了。 2、seeing that, considering that和in that引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 這幾個連詞同since, as 近義，都有“鑒于某個事實(shí)，原因”是之意。 Considering that he's only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.鑒于他只學(xué)了一年， 他英語講得就是很好。 Seeing that he was ill, they sent for the doctor.鑒于他病情嚴(yán)重，他們派人請醫(yī)生。 In that she is ill, she feels unable to do it.因?yàn)椴×?，她覺得不能做那件事。 3、not that…but that…引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 這是一種加強(qiáng)語氣的表示原因的結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“不是因?yàn)椋且驗(yàn)椤?/p> Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it.不是因?yàn)槲也幌矚g這部電影，而是因?yàn)槲覜]時間看。 The soldier's essential honor was not that he killed his enemy, but that he was willing to die.軍人的真正光榮不是殺敵，而是不惜犧牲。 四、目的狀語從句 1、that，so that，in order that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句 目的狀語從句由that，so that，in order that等引導(dǎo)。從句中的謂語動詞前常有情態(tài)動詞may、might、can、could、will, would等。 John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 約翰把其他人關(guān)在廚房外，目的是能夠?yàn)橥頃腼兂鋈艘饬系臇|西。 These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. 這些人甘冒生命危險，是為了讓我們活得更安全些。 2、lest, for fear that和in case引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句 這三個連詞詞組的意思是“以防，以免”。lest的從句一般要用虛擬語氣，形式是“should+動詞原形”或省掉should。for fear that和in case從句一般用虛擬語氣，但有時也可以用陳述語氣。 I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得順著她，免得她生氣。 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太陽很利害，你就把帽子戴上。 五、結(jié)果狀語從句 1、so that，so…that, such…that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句 So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.我感到在講英語的國家里生活太難了，因此我決定學(xué)好英語。 He worked hard so that he passed the exam. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，結(jié)果通過了考試。 He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.他講了那么長時間，人們開始打起瞌睡了。 2、so…that與such…that的區(qū)別 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。so是副詞，后接形容詞或副詞；such是形容詞，后接名詞。 （1）單數(shù)名詞 在so...that與such...that中間出現(xiàn)的是單數(shù)名詞，且該名詞前有形容詞修飾時，這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)可互換，但要注意它們的詞序不同:such+ a/an+形容詞十名詞=so+形容詞+a/an+名詞。 She is such a good teacher that all of us love her.= She is so good a teacher that all of us love her.她是一位很好的老師，我們都敬愛她。 （2）不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 如果被修飾的是不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，一般須用such...that。 He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.他進(jìn)步很快，不久就開始用英語寫文章。(不可數(shù)名詞) They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.這些書是那么有趣以致我們都想讀一讀。(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞) （3）名詞前有many，much，little，few修飾時 如果不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前有many，much，little，few修飾時，則用so…that。 I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.我摔了好多次跤，周身青一塊紫一塊的。(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞) George had so little money that he had to get a job.喬治沒有錢，所以他不得不找工作干。(不可數(shù)名詞) They are such little children that they can't do anything.他們是小孩,什么事情都干不了。 教你巧學(xué)巧記: 名前such，形、副so， 多多少少也用so。 little屬特殊， “小”用such，“少”用so。 六、比較狀語從句 比較狀語從句一般由as…as(和一樣)，not as/so…as(與……不一樣)，than(比),the more…, the more…(越……越……)引導(dǎo)。 The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick.導(dǎo)師給我的提議比給狄克的好。 In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better our holiday will be.近幾年旅游公司已成功地對我們公眾宣傳了去得越遠(yuǎn)，假日越好的觀點(diǎn)。 John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 如果說約翰的足球踢的不比大衛(wèi)好，至少和他踢的一樣好。 I can't run as/so fast as he can. 我不能跑得他那樣快。 七、讓步狀語從句 讓步狀語從句由though，although，as，even if (though)，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh詞，等引導(dǎo)。 1、even if, even though, although，though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 這四個詞（詞組）都有“雖然、即使、盡管”的意思。even if和even though帶有較強(qiáng)的意味，語氣比although和though強(qiáng)。though比although通俗，但不如although正式,都不能和but連用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless連用。可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。even if，even though所接的句子常用虛擬語氣。 We won't give up even if we should fail ten times.即使是我們失敗十次，我們也不會放棄。 He might have given you more help，even though he was very busy．盡管他很忙，他可能給了你更多的幫助。 2、as或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句
（1）由as或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序 Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.這些貴族盡管很傲慢，他們卻害怕見我。 （2）如果表語為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，這個名詞不帶冠詞 12-year-old girl as she is, she has had a good command of English.她雖然只是個12歲的女孩，但是她已經(jīng)熟知英語。 Child as he is，he knows a lot.雖然他還是個孩子，卻懂的很多。 (3)如果句中謂語包含情態(tài)動詞或助動詞，則將實(shí)意動詞放在as之前 Try as I might，I couldn't lift the stone.我使多大勁兒也搬不動這塊石頭。 Praised as he was, he remained modest.他雖然受到表揚(yáng)，但仍然保持著謙虛。 （4）如果句中謂語僅有實(shí)意動詞，則將實(shí)意動詞(原形)放在as之前，并在主語后面加助動詞do, does, did或will。 Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her.雖然敵人拷打她，卻沒有能從她嘴里得到什么。 Fail as he did, he would never give up.盡管他失敗了，但他決不會放棄。 注:但是，如果在這種情況下，句中謂語有副詞修飾，則將副詞放在as之前。 Again and again as he failed, he didn't lose heart.他雖然多次失敗，但仍不灰心喪氣。 Much as I admire his courage, I don't think he acted wisely.我雖然佩服他的勇氣，但是我認(rèn)為他這樣做是不明智的。 3、由no matter+ wh詞和由疑問詞＋ever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 由no matter引導(dǎo)，表示“不管；無論”；由疑問詞＋ever引導(dǎo)，表示“不管，不論”。這類詞有：whatever，whichever，whoever，however， whenever，wherever等,他們相當(dāng)于no matter+ what（which，who，how，when， where），都不能與but，so，and等并列連詞同時使用。 We'll have to finish the job, however(no matter how) long it takes. 不管需要多長時間，我們都一定完成這項(xiàng)工作。 No matter what(Whatever) you do, don't tell him that I told you this. 無論你做什么，別告訴他我對你說過這件事。 4、由whether．．．or引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 由whether．．．or引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句表示“不論……還是”，提供兩種對比的情況。 I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home. 不論你來還是留在家中，我都要去。 Whether we like a particular piece of news or not, all we have to do is sit in front of the tube and “l(fā)et it happen”.不管我們喜歡不喜歡一條消息,我們所能做的只是坐在電視機(jī)前，“讓它過去”。 八、條件狀語從句 條件狀語從句可以位于主句前面或后面。 1.由if，unless引導(dǎo) if 表示正面的條件，意為“如果”；unless表示反面的條件，意為“除非，如果不”（if not） You will be late unless you leave immediately.除非你立即走，否則，你會遲到。 If you don't hurry up, you'll be late. 如果你不快點(diǎn)，你就會晚了。 We'll go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我們就去那兒。 2、由suppose，supposing，as/so long as， providing, provided, on condition that和in case等引導(dǎo) 這類連詞（詞組）意思相近，有：“如果、假設(shè)、即使、在……條件下”等意義。 Suppose (Supposing) he is ill, what shall we do? 如果他病了，我們該怎么辦？ You'll do all right, as long as you follow his advice.只要你聽從他的勸告，你就會干得很好的。 In case John comes, please tell him to wait.假如約翰來了，請讓他稍候。 You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it. 倘若這本書沒有其他人想借的話，你可以再續(xù)借一個禮拜。 九、方式狀語從句 方式狀語從句一般由as(正如；按照)，as if/as though(好像),the way等引導(dǎo)。 1、as 和just as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句 這兩個連詞的意思是“如…，猶如…，正如…”（in the same manner that）。just as 比as的強(qiáng)調(diào)性更強(qiáng)。 You must do everything as I do.你們要照我這樣去做。 Just as the water is the most important of liquids, air is the most important gases.正如水是液體中最重要的一種一樣，空氣是氣體中最重要的一種。 2、as if 和as though引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句 as if 和as though意為“好像、仿佛”可以用虛擬語氣表示不符合事實(shí)或與事實(shí)相反的情況；也可以用陳述語氣表示符合事實(shí)的情況。 He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg. 他慢慢地走，她像腿受傷的樣子。 He spoke as if he knew the question very well.他說得好像對這個問題知道得很清楚。 3、the way引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句 the way它的作用相當(dāng)于the manner，后面的引導(dǎo)詞常用that引導(dǎo)方式狀語，而且經(jīng)常省略。此時，一般不用in which引導(dǎo)。 I don’t like the way you speak to her.我不喜歡你和她說話的方式。 We didn't like the way that he treated us. 我不喜歡他對待我們的方式。
真題再現(xiàn) 1. Simon thought his computer was broken ____ his little brother pointed out that he had forgotten to turn it on.【05北京春】 A. until B. unless C. after D. because 2. It is almost five years ____ we saw each other last time.【05北京春】 A. before B. since C. after D. when 3. Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter. 【04全國】 A. because B. so that C. even if D. as 4. _____you call me to say you’re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.【04全國】 A. Though B. Whether C. Until D. Unless 5. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands. 【04全國】 A. where B. which C. when D. that 6. Several weeks had gone by__________ I realized the painting was missing. 【04全國】 A. as B. before C. since D. when 7．We were told that we should follow the main road we reached the central railway station. 【04遼寧卷】 A．whenever B．until C．while D．wherever 8. It was evening we reached the little town of Winchester. 【04天津卷】 A. that B. until C. since D. before 9. You can eat food free in my restaurant _______you like. 【04重慶卷】 A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however 10. Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses _________ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather. 【04上海卷】 A. because B. through C. unless D. if 11．Generally speaking , according to the directions , the drug has no side effect . 【2003上?！?/p> A．when taking B．when taken C．when to take D．when to be taken 12.Come and see me whenever_____.【2003北京】 A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you 13. You should make it a rule to leave things＿＿＿＿＿you can find them again.【NMET1999】 A. when B. where C. then D. there 14. After the war, a new school building was put up ____there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when 【NMET1997】 15. Why do you want a new job_____ you've got such a good one already? 【NMET1998】 A. that B. where C. which D. when 16. John plays football ______ , if not better than, David. 【MET1994】 A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as 17. We'll have to finish the job,＿＿＿＿＿. 【NMET1999】 A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes 18. ____________, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. 【NMET1997】 A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is 19. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, great it is. 【NMET1995】 A. what B. how C. however D. Whatever 20. John shut everybody out of the kitchen ,______ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 【NMET2002】 A. which B. when C. so that D. as if 技巧點(diǎn)撥 教你巧學(xué)巧記: Than后面的代詞是用主格還是用賓格? 下列兩句中，than分別用了I和me，兩者都正確： ①She is older than me.(口語中常用) ②She is older than I(am)(較正式文體常用) 但是，在有些句子中，用主格和用賓格，句子會截然不同。 ①John likes Henry more than I. ②John likes Henry more than me. 我們知道，than用作連詞，它的后面省略了一個比較(方式)狀語從句。現(xiàn)在我們把以上兩句補(bǔ)充完整。 ①John likes Henry more than I like Henry. ②John likes Henry more than he likes me. 看得出，第一句的意思是：約翰比我更喜歡亨利。第二句的意思是：約翰喜歡亨利勝過喜歡我。那么，在什么情況下，than后面的人稱代詞用主格？什么情況下用賓格？ 一、如果主句謂語是不及物動詞，than后面的人稱代詞用主格或賓格均可，且意義無區(qū)別。例如： She draws better than I(me).它畫得比我好。 要注意：如果人稱代詞后面有all時，人稱代詞一般用賓格。 She draws better than them all. 二、如果主句謂語是及物動詞，且than后面的名詞或代詞又與動詞連用時，than后面的人稱代詞只能用主格。例如： He loves the dog more than his wife does. 他比他的妻子更愛這條狗。 三、如果主句謂語是連系動詞be, than后面的人稱代詞用主格或賓格均可，且意義無區(qū)別。例如： He is taller than I(me).他比我長得高。 四、如果主句謂語是及物動詞，特別是like, love, hate等及物動詞，than后面的人稱代詞用用主格或賓格均可， 但句意不同。邏輯上，這些及物動詞既能與人稱代詞構(gòu)成“主謂關(guān)系”，又能構(gòu)成“動賓關(guān)系”。因此，用主格時，后面省去了主句中的謂語和賓語；用賓格時省去了句子的主語和謂語。例如： I like the boy better than she.=I like the boy better than she likes the boy. 我比她更喜歡那個男孩。 I like the boy better than her.=I like the boy better than I like her. 我喜歡那個男孩勝過喜歡她。
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