“四步走”突破閱讀理解 

先看實戰(zhàn)演練題：

Last week，Bill Gates retired from full-tine．rime work at the world's biggest computer software company, Microsoft．He will remain chairman of the company he established with Paul Allen in 1975．

Mr. Gates leaves Microsoft at a time of change in the computing industry．Microsoft grew at a time when personal computers，or PCs，were replacing big mainframe computers as the main computing tools．He showed that huge profits could be made in software as PCs increasingly were found “on every desk and in every home”.

Early on，Microsoft understood the importance of the “network effect”. That is, software is the kind of product that increases in value as more people buy and use it．

Now，free Internet software threatens to replace PC-based software．Devices like “smart phones” connect people to the Internet．Google has become a 1eader in Internet Web searching and advertising．Microsoft has struggled to change with the new computer environment．Its efforts to sell music and its latest operating system，Vista，have not been big successes．And an attempt this year to buy Yahoo for over forty-seven billion dollars failed．

In the last several years，Bill Gates has slowly given control of Microsoft to others．In two thousand，he gave the job of chief executive officer to Steve Ballmer, a friend of his since their years at Harvard University．Mister Ballmer has been with Microsoft since nineteen eighty．Still，it is hard to overestimate the influence of Bill Gates on computing．He developed the business model that put the Windows operating system on about ninety percent of the world's one billion PCs．Microsoft now has almost ninety thousand employees．

At fifty—two years old，Bill Gates is currently the third richest man in the world．He is worth about fifty-eight billion dollars．He remains Microsoft's biggest shareholder．

Mister Gates will now spend most of his time working at his charity organization, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation．The foundation is the world's largest charity with over thirty-seven billion dollars．It provides money for health, education and other projects，mostly in developing countries．

61．Bill Gates retired from full-time work in Microsoft because        ．

A．he had earned enough money

B．Google threatened Microsoft's leading place

C．PCs were out of fashion

D．of a reason that was not mentioned

62．Microsoft grew at a time when         ．

A．“smart phones” connect people to Internet

B．Vista was put into market

C．Personal Computers were on every desk and in every home

D．Computers became the main computing tools

63．Microsoft's “network effect” probably means       ．

A．the more people use PCs，the more software they will buy

B．the more people use Internet，the more money Microsoft can make

C．the better product, the more value

D．the later operating system，the better software 

64．From the passage, we know _____.

A．Bill Gates set up Microsoft on his own in 1975．

B．Bill Gates failed to buy Yahoo．

C．Bill Gates was the chief executive officer when he retired．

D．Bill Gates is the richest man in the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation．

【選材原因】這篇閱讀理解是湖北省百所重點中學(xué)2009屆高三年級第一次聯(lián)合測試題A篇，

經(jīng)過測試黃岡市重點高中浠水一中的學(xué)生，四道題目的正答率分別是61，66%,答案D；62，34%，答案C；63，30%，答案A；64，58%，答案B。可見這是一篇難度較大的閱讀理解。另外，這篇閱讀理解很具有典型性，因為文章的內(nèi)容同學(xué)們是比較熟悉的，卻偏偏做不到題—這種現(xiàn)象最可怕?？磥韺W(xué)生還是缺乏某些做閱讀理解題的技能，所以這篇閱讀理解很值得研究分析。

對于閱讀理解題的如何設(shè)問、題目類型、基本解題思路等知識，想必同學(xué)們早已熟悉，所以本文就不談?wù)撨@些東西了。下面我就結(jié)合上面的材料講講做閱讀理解題的實戰(zhàn)技巧“四步走”：

一、             定區(qū)間

定區(qū)間是什么意思呢？定區(qū)間就是確定題目答案在短文中可能出現(xiàn)的大概位置。

一篇閱讀理解通常有3-4個問題，問題的設(shè)置通常也是按照文章的先后順序排列的，也就是說，命題者不會故意把答案出現(xiàn)在末尾的題目放在開頭。另外，一篇閱讀材料不是每一句話、每一段話都重要，所以定區(qū)間的能力很重要。定好區(qū)間能夠迅速找到問題的關(guān)鍵所在，有的放矢，從而高效地解決問題。

那么如何定區(qū)間呢？

定區(qū)間是由問題來決定的，所以做閱讀先要看一下問題?？磫栴}不是要把問題全部仔細看一遍，通常瀏覽一下標題即可。

看了問題定區(qū)間就并不很難了。猜詞義、句意的題目的區(qū)間就是該詞、句的前后。例如上面的63題，區(qū)間就是第三段。有的閱讀理解題目說得很清楚：What can we learn from the first paragraph? 這樣的題目顯然問第幾段，第幾段就是區(qū)間。

其它的題目可以抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或片斷，通常在原文中可以找到相同的部分，例如62題，Microsoft grew at a time…當閱讀時，讀到文章第二段第二句Microsoft grew at a time when …的時候，大家一定能知道這就是此題的區(qū)間了。

定好區(qū)間我們就可以做第二步。

二、             細閱讀

細閱讀就是定好區(qū)間后，針對問題仔細閱讀，尋求正確的答案。如何細閱讀呢？

長句子要認真分析，重點地方用筆在卷子上劃一劃。

很多閱讀理解題就是以長難句作為依據(jù)考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力的，例如湖北09年高考試題53，58，59，65題都要求考生理解長難句才能做出正確的選擇。上面材料中62題盡管也算長難句，但遠不及今年高考題句子長、難。不過我們還是以此為例簡單介紹如何分析長難句：找主干，刪枝葉。

找主干即確定句子的主要成分主、謂、賓語，抓住句子的核心部分（打蛇打七寸）?？梢杂勉U筆把枝葉用斜線劃去，在句子下面把主干畫出來：Microsoft grew when personal computers were replacing big mainframe computers.可見解決問題的關(guān)鍵詞是personal computers。很多同學(xué)沒有分清主干，誤把狀語as the main computing tools做主干，從而誤選了C項（占30%）。

三、             排差異

為了確保所作出的選項的正確性，我們還需要排除其它的三個選項，這好比數(shù)學(xué)里的驗算，稱之為排差異。下面以64題為例加以說明：

根據(jù)第四段末句可知答案為B。但我們還要排除另外三項：A．錯在蓋茨是與Paul Allen一起建立微軟的；根據(jù)第五段he gave the job of chief executive officer to Steve Ballmer可知C錯了；根據(jù)第六段…the third richest man可知D項錯了。這樣做就是雙保險，進一步證明選B項的正確性。

四、             加速度

上面所說的做第一步和第二步耽誤了我們不少時間，為了提高閱讀速度，保證按時完成任務(wù)，我們必須提高速度。如何提高呢？就是在定了區(qū)間之后，其它的段落和句子要采取掃描法（scan）甚至是跳讀法（skip）。

上面這篇閱讀理解，問題的答案主要在開頭幾段，后面幾段我們就要加速度，迅速瀏覽一下就行了。

總之，閱讀理解要講究方法，要有輕重緩急，不可死板硬套。當然，別人好的學(xué)習(xí)方法不經(jīng)過實際操作和融會貫通就不會成為指導(dǎo)自己前進的法寶，正如光看游泳書不下河游泳一樣。同學(xué)們在做閱讀訓(xùn)練的時候，要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣。平時遇到做錯了的閱讀理解題一定要多琢磨、多反思，糾正自己的思維誤區(qū)，只有不斷地反思和總結(jié)才能逐步提高自己的閱讀水平，減少考試時的失誤。

下面這篇閱讀理解是湖北省黃岡中學(xué)2009屆高三第二次模擬考試試題B篇，請大家按照上面講的方法學(xué)習(xí)體驗：
◆Teachers Needed: Tarrytown, NY, USA◆
ESL Teachers needed for EF International School of English in Tarrytown, NY. Students are adults from over 25 different countries.
●TESOL certificate, DELTA, CELTA preferred
●Must love to teach
●Have some computer skills and be a team player
●Teachers are a combination of experienced and new teachers
●Local candidates preferred
●Posted By: EF International Language School of English
●Donald. Dwyer@ef.com
◆Several Positions for English Teachers◆
We are advertising for oral English teachers as well as scholars and experts who can teach such courses as English Writing, English Literature and the Survey of Britain and America, etc.
The applicants are supposed to meet the following requirements:
﹡Having a related Bachelor's degree at least
﹡Having related teaching experience
﹡Having a Certificate of Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language
﹡Under the age of 40
﹡Being good at cooperating with other Chinese colleagues
﹡Good computer skills
If anyone is interested, please contact:
E-mail: tswagqi384@ihko.com; wuhq-1832-hkut@uyga.com
◆English Teacher Wanted◆
●Responsibility: Conduct English teaching according to British education system.
●Requirements:
●University degree and above in English or normal English
●Eager to learn and open-minded with creativity
●Deep understanding and respect for different cultures
●Strong teamwork spirit
●Related working experience is a must
●Basic computer skills
●E-mail: acereqi298@ctay.com
55．If you have just graduated from a university, you should make contact with_____.
A. tswagqi384@ihko.com             B. wuhq-1832-hkut@uyga.com
C. Donald. Dwyer@ef.com            D. acereqi298@ctay.com
56．Which of the following is NOT the common requirement for the applicants in the ads? ____
A. Certificate.       B. Age           C. Cooperation        D. Computer skills.
57．If you want to apply a position, you can________.
A. go there and make a telephone call at any time
B. get more information on the Internet
C. tell them how much money you want for your work
D. post a letter to introduce yourself
58．If you want to apply a position in EF International Language School of English, in your resume (簡歷) you should especially say _____ .
A. you are from New York                       B. you are young
C. you have much working experience            D. you are good at computer

【答案】：55，C，正答率35%；56，B，正答率89%；57，D，正答率88%；58，A，正答率30%，根據(jù)第一則廣告：Local applicants preferred可選。定區(qū)間：第一則廣告最重要，它解決了55，58題。