狀語從句

在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞、副詞等詞的從句叫狀語從句(Adverbial Clause)。簡單地說，就是在句中作狀語的分句。因其功能與副詞非常相近，所以又稱作副詞性從句，一般可分為時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、比較狀語從句和方式狀語從句。不同類型的狀語從句要用不同的從屬連詞或詞組引導(dǎo)。所以，掌握狀語從句的關(guān)鍵在于熟記各種狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。本章將針對不同類型的狀語從句，詳細(xì)講解各引導(dǎo)詞的用法，幫您分類、逐步掌握狀語從句。

時間狀語從句

    在句子中起時間狀語作用的句子稱為時間狀語從句。時間狀語從句可以放在句首、句中和句尾。

    引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的詞有when，while，as，before，after，since，until／till，        as soon as, once, each time, next time, the moment, immediately, instantly等。

（一）when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

1) when意為“當(dāng)……時”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時或先后發(fā)生。

  Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark

  信念是在黎明前的黑夜里感受到光明的鳥。

  When I was wandering in the street，I met her. 我在街上徘徊的時候遇到了她。

  Please tell him about it when you see him back. 你看到他回來，就告訴他這件事。

2) when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中的動詞可以用延續(xù)性動詞，也可以用終止性動詞

  He was listening to the music when I went in. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)去的時候，他正在聽音樂。

  1 will visit my parents when I have time. 我有空時會去看望我的父母。

  All time is no time when it is past. 光陰一去不復(fù)返。

（二）while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

  while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，常意為“與……同時，在……期間”，while引導(dǎo)的從句常用延續(xù)性動詞或表示狀態(tài)的動詞。

  They rushed in while we were discussing problems.

  當(dāng)我們正在討論問題時，他們沖了進(jìn)來。

  Make hay while the sun is shining. （諺）曬草要趁太陽好。

（三）as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

    as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，可以表達(dá)“正當(dāng)，一邊一邊，隨著”等意思。

1)表示某事一發(fā)生，另一事立即發(fā)生

  As the sun rose the fog disappeared. 太陽一出來霧就消散了。

  They strolled into the garden as the music ceased. 音樂聲一停，他們就走進(jìn)花園。

2)表示在某事發(fā)生的過程中另一事發(fā)生

  We always sing as we walk. 我們總是邊走邊唱。（兩個動作都是一般時態(tài)）

  Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion.

  正當(dāng)他在說話的時候，傳來一聲巨響。（從句用進(jìn)行時態(tài)）

3)表示兩個動作同時發(fā)生

  As she sang，tears ran down her cheeks. 她一邊唱歌，眼淚一邊從臉頰淌下。

He smiled as he passed. 他路過的時候笑了一下。

He saw that she was smiling as she read.  他看到她一邊看書一邊笑。 

We get wiser as we get older.

  我們隨著年齡的增長而變得聰明起來。（隨時間的變化而變化）

（四）before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

  before意為“在……之前”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，表示主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作之前。

  Before I could get in a word,  he already gave orders.

  我還來不及插話，他已經(jīng)吩咐下去了。

  Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.

  布朗先生來這之前已經(jīng)在一家銀行里工作一年了。

  It was two years before we met again. 兩年后我們才再次見面。

  It will not be long before you regret for what you've done.

  不久你就會為你的所作所為后悔的。

（五）after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

  after意為“在……之后”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，表示主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作之后。

  After you use plastic bags, you mustn't throw them about.

  用完塑料袋后，不準(zhǔn)到處亂扔。

  Please let me know your decision after you have thought it over.

在你仔細(xì)考慮過之后請告訴我你的決定。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：若主句和從句兩個動作發(fā)生的先后順序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成時態(tài)，例如上面的第二句可改成: Please let me know your decision after you think it over.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（六）since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

  此時since常意為“自從……”，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句常用一般過去時。

  We have made many dumplings .since we began to cook.

  自從我們開始做飯起，我們已經(jīng)包了許多餃子了。

  In the 12 months .since I last wrote to you, a lot has happened to me.

  自從上次我給你寫信以來的一年里，我經(jīng)歷了許多事。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  注意：常用句型：it is/has been+時間段+since從句常譯為“自從……有多長時間了“。

  It’s been years since I enjoyed myself so much. 我已經(jīng)很多年沒有那么痛快了。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（七）until／till引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

  until/ till意為“直到……時”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，表示主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作之前。當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是持續(xù)性動詞時，主句常用肯定形式；當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是非持續(xù)性動詞時，主句常用否定形式，not…until… 意為“直到……才……”，這時的until可以用before來替換。

I'll stay here until you come back.

  我會待在這里，直到你回來。（stay表示的動作可以持續(xù)）

  He didn’t leave home until his father came back.

  他直到父親回家才離開。(leave home 表示的動作不能持續(xù)）

  Please wait until I arrived．請在我到達(dá)之前等著我。（wait表示的動作可以持續(xù)）

（八）as soon as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

  as soon as意為“一……就……”，表示從句的動作一發(fā)生，主句的動作馬上就發(fā)生。

  The boy run to the cinema as soon as his father went out.

  他的父親一出去，男孩就跑去電影院了。

  As soon as I reach Canada．1 will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就給你打電話。

（九）once引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

  once引導(dǎo)的時問狀語從句暗含條件意味，意為“一旦……就……”。

  Once you begin, you must go on.  一旦你開始了，就要繼續(xù)下去。

  Once having made a promise, you should keep it．一旦許諾，就要遵守。

  Math is easy to learn once you understand the rules.

  一旦你理解了這些定律，數(shù)學(xué)就不難學(xué)了。

（十）名詞短語引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

名詞短語the moment，the minute, the instant, the time, the hour, the day,     by the time, each time, every time, next time, any time等也可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。

    The moment I saw him, I knew there was still hope.

    我一看到他就知道還有希望。

    Every time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years ago.

    每當(dāng)我看到那頂草帽，就使我想起幾年前的那次旅游。

    I thought it is beautiful and clean the first time I arrived the city.

    我第一次來到這座城市就覺得它很漂亮很干凈。

    He was much better the last time I saw him. 上次我見到他，他好多了。

    By the time you came back, I had finished this book.

    到你回來時，我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。

（十一）其他連詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

    Immediately, instantly, directly引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。

    Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet. 校長一進(jìn)來，大家就安靜下來。

    Make sure the property you are buying is insured immediately you exchange contracts. 交換合同，就應(yīng)立刻給所購房產(chǎn)買保險。

Directly you feel any pains, you must go to see the doctor. 你一感覺不舒適就找醫(yī)生。

Please write to me instantly you arrive. 你一到就給我寫信。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…引導(dǎo)的表示時間的句子,主句在前面,從句用一般過去時,主句用過去完成時。                          ┃

No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work. 太陽剛從地平線上升起，他就起床勞動去了。

=The sun had no sooner shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.

Hardly had I explained the reason to him when he stopped listening.

我還沒來得及向他解釋原因，他就不聽了。

=I had hardly told him the reason when he stopped listening.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

地點狀語從句

    在句中作地點狀語的從句稱為地點狀語從句，常由where，wherever，anywhere，

everywhere，nowhere等引導(dǎo)。地點狀語從句可置于句首、句中或句尾。

Wherever I am l will be thinking of you. 不管在哪里我都會想你的。

Let's go wherever this path will take us. 我們就順著這條小路走，走到哪兒就算哪兒。

Where there is life, there is hope.（諺）一息尚存，希望不滅。

Where there is a will, there is a way.（諺）有志者，事競成。

Just stay there you are and don't move. 呆在你現(xiàn)在呆的地方別動。

You should have put the book where you found it．你本來應(yīng)該把書放回原來的地方。

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：where引導(dǎo)的地點狀語從句一般可以轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句，只要在where前加上to/in/from the place, to/in/from places或to/in/from any place等構(gòu)成to/in/from/the place where或to/in/from any place where，便可變成定語從句。

上面帶有地點狀語從句的最后兩個例句可改為下面帶有定語從句的句子，意思不變：

Just stay in the place where you are and don’t move.

You should have put the book in the place where you found it.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

原因狀語從句

在句中作原因狀語的從句稱為原因狀語從句。原因狀語從句可置于句首，也可置于句尾。引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的常用詞可分為兩類：單詞引導(dǎo)詞和短語引導(dǎo)詞。單詞引導(dǎo)詞主要有because, since, as等；短語引導(dǎo)詞主要有now that, seeing that, for the reason that,   in that, considering (that)等。

（一）because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句

  表因果關(guān)系的語氣最強(qiáng)，用來回答以why提問的問句，所引出的原因往往是聽話人所不知道或最感興趣的。because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句往往比主句顯得更重要。

  Man's real life is happy, chiefly because he is ever expecting that it soon will be so.

  人的現(xiàn)實生活是幸福的，主要是因為他總是期望生活不久將會幸福。

  Big goals are necessary because you must see it big before you can make it big.

  遠(yuǎn)大的目標(biāo)是必要的，因為你在實現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)大的目標(biāo)之前．必須視其為遠(yuǎn)大的目標(biāo)。

He is absent today because he is ill. 因為他病了，所以今天沒來。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：在主句是否定的情況下，because從句的理解有兩種情形，需要根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行綜合理解。

I did not buy the pen because it's cheap.

我沒有買這支筆，因為便宜。/我不是因為便宜才買了這只筆。

I didn't buy the pen, because it's cheap.我沒買這只筆，因為它便宜。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（二）since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句

  表示人們已知的事實，不需強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因，故常譯成“既然……”，通常放在句首。since引導(dǎo)的從句是次要的，重點強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的內(nèi)容。

  Since you are so sure of it, he'll believe you.

  既然你對此如此有把握，他會相信你的。

  Since tomorrow is Jim's birthday, let's give him a party.

  既然明天是吉姆的生日，咱們舉行一個宴會吧。

  Since we cannot be universal and know all that is to be known of everything, we ought to know a little about everything. 既然我們不能萬事皆通，不能通曉可以了

  解的每一事物的一切，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)對每一事物都有所了解。

（三）as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句

as與since用法差不多，所引出的理由在說話人看來已經(jīng)很明顯，或已為聽話人所熟悉而不須用because加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。as引導(dǎo)的從句與主句具有同等的地位。

  We have to delay our journey, as the weather is so bad.

  因為天氣太惡劣了，我們要推遲我們的行程。

  As rain has fallen，the air is cooler. 因為下過雨，空氣比較清爽。

  I left a message as you weren't there．你沒在，我就給你留了字條。

  I have to speak English with them, as the guys I live with don't know any Chinese.

  和我生活在一起的那些人不懂漢語，我只好同他們說英語。

（四）其他連詞引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句

    另外now that，seeing that，for the reason that，in that，considering( that)等也可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。

    Now that they've got to know each other a little better, they get along just fine.

    由于彼此之間有了進(jìn)一步了解，他們相處得不錯。

    Seeing (that) he is inexperienced, he is not fit for the work.

    貺然他沒有經(jīng)驗，他就不適合這項工作。

    I often go to the cinema for the simple reason that I love seeing film.

    我經(jīng)常去電影院，原因很簡單，那就是我喜歡看電影。

    1 like the city, but I prefer the country in that there's fresher air.

    我喜歡城市，但我更喜歡鄉(xiāng)村，因為那里有更清新的空氣。

    Considering (that) he hasn't fully recovered yet, it will not be proper to assign him such a hard job．考慮到他身體還沒有完全恢復(fù)，指派他干這樣的難活不適宜。

目的狀語從句

在句中作目的狀語的從句稱為目的狀語從句。目的狀語從句可置于句首、句中或句尾。常用來引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：so, so that, in order that, for fear in case (that), for the purpose that, lest等。

（一）in order that，so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句

in order that帶用于正式文體，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，而so that往往只置于句尾，但也有置于句首的，so that短語中有時可省略that。

We shall let you know the details soon so that /in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我們將會讓你知道詳情，以便你們能夠做出安排。

I opened the window so that fresh air might come in.

我把窗戶打開以便新鮮空氣可以進(jìn)來。

I've decided to learn photography in order that I may record the beauty of nature. 我決定學(xué)攝影以便能記錄大自然的美。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：省略后的不定式in order to do/so as to do(邏輯主語相同)或in order for sb.

to do(邏輯主語不同)也可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，上面三個例句可改為：

We shall let you know the details soon in order for you to make your arrangements.                                                                        I opened the window in order for fresh air to come in.

I've decided to learn photography in order to record the beauty of nature.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（二）for fear(that), in case, lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句

  for fear (that)表示目的時，意為“唯恐，以防”, in case意為“目的是，以防，以免，以防有某種情況發(fā)生”，lest意為“以防”。這三個短語或詞都相當(dāng)于in order that…not.... ,so that…not…。

Shut out the window lest/in case it should rain. 關(guān)上窗以防下雨。

The victims all seemed afraid to say the facts, for fear it might start trouble.

受害人似乎都不敢說出真相，怕引起麻煩。

She hid away from the window lest anyone see her.

她從窗口躲開了，免得有人見到她。

I stayed all day at home in case (that) you called.

我整天待在家里以防你打電話。

She is studying hard for fear that she should lag behind others.

她學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦，唯恐落在別人后面。

結(jié)果狀語

    在句子中作結(jié)果狀語的從句稱為結(jié)果狀語從句。結(jié)果狀語從句一般置于句尾。常用來引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語的引導(dǎo)詞或短語有：so, so that, so...that…, such that, such…that…, that等。

（一）so that與so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句

  so that/so…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，意為“如此……以至于”，在口語中，that?？墒÷?。

1)so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句

    In his fury he threw the vase upon the ground so (that) they were broken.

    他盛怒之下，便把花瓶扔到地上，摔破了。

We moved to the country so that we were away from the noisy and dull city.

我們搬到了鄉(xiāng)下，所以我們遠(yuǎn)離了吵鬧、單調(diào)的城市。

She is ill so that she can't attend the meeting this afternoon.

她病了，不能參加今天下午的會議了。

2) so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句

so…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句可以構(gòu)成如下結(jié)構(gòu)：

so+                                              +（that）+從句

Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.

麥克是如此誠實的一個人，以至于大家都相信他。

I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over．

我跌了很多跤，渾身摔得青一塊紫一塊。

Lily left home so hurriedly that she left her documents home.

莉莉出門時太匆忙，結(jié)果將文件都忘在家里了。

He was so benevolent, so merciful a man that he would have held an umbrella over a duck in a shower of rain. （諺）他是那么大慈大悲，會在傾盆大雨中給鴨子打傘。

（二）such(…)that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句

  such(…)that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，可以構(gòu)成如下結(jié)構(gòu)：

           a/an+形容詞十可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)

  such+    形容詞十可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)          +(that)+從句

            形容詞十不可數(shù)名詞

    It is such nice weather that I'd like to take a walk.

    天氣是如此之好，以至于我想去散散步。

Kathy is such a young girl that she can't go to school.

    凱茜年齡太小了，還不能去上學(xué)。

    These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer.

    這些問題如此難，以致我們沒人能回答。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  注意：so/such引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句放于句首時，主句的助動詞要置于主語前面。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞或副詞，so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句，可把so置于句首，主句用倒裝語序。

So excited was he that he could not fall into sleep.他太激動了不能入睡。

Such was his worry that he couldn't go on his work.

他如此擔(dān)憂以致不能繼續(xù)上班

So carelessly did he drive that he nearly got killed. 他開車如此粗心差點遇難。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（三）that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句

    What has Tom done that you should be so worried about him?

    湯姆做了什么讓你這么擔(dān)憂？

Kate is conceited that we all don't want to work together with her.

凱特如此自負(fù)，我們都不想和她一起丁作。

The question is of great importance that it cannot be neglected.

這個問題很重要，不容忽視。

條件狀語從句

    在句子中作條件狀語的從句稱為條件狀語從句。條件狀語從句可置于句首，也可置于句尾，有時還可置于主語和謂語之問。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的常用引導(dǎo)詞為：if，unless, as/so long as, once, in case, on condition that, supposing (that), providing (that)，provided (that)，given (that)等。在條件狀語從句中，一般要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時，一般過去時表示過去將來時．現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來完成時。

（一）if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句

  if是引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句最常用的連詞，表示在某種條件下某事很可能發(fā)生。

  If you heat ice，it melts. 如果你給冰加熱，它會融化。

  If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn.

  如果年輕時不學(xué)會思考，你也許永遠(yuǎn)不會思考。

  If we command our wealth, we shall be rich and free; if our wealth commands us，we are poor indeed.

  如果我們支配財富，就會富裕而自由，如果我們?yōu)樨敻凰?，就是真的貧窮。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：if 從句還表示不可實現(xiàn)的條件或根本不可能存在的條件，也就是一種虛擬的條件或假設(shè)，從句多用一般過去時或過去完成時。條件狀語從句分為真實條件狀語從句和非真實條件狀語從句。

If I were you , I wouldn't invite him to the party.

如果我是你，我不會邀請他參加聚會。

The flower would not have died if I had watered them before I left home.

如果我在離開家之前澆了水，這些花就不會死了。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（二）unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句

   Unless意為“除非，若不，除非在……的時候“。

Victory won't come to us unless we go to it.

勝利不會走向我們，我們必須自己走向勝利。

Courage is doing what you are afraid to do， There can be no courage unless you are scared.

勇氣就是去干你所畏懼的事情。只有當(dāng)你膽怯時才有勇氣可言。

unless it rains， the game will be played. 除非下雨，比賽將照常進(jìn)行。

I shall go there tomorrow unless I'm too busy. 如果我不太忙，明天將到那兒去。

Unless I am mistaken, I've seen that man before.

如果我沒搞錯，我以前見過那個人。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：unless的意識相當(dāng)于if…not…。上面的最后兩個例句可變?yōu)椋?/P>

I shall go there tomorrow, if I am not too busy.

If I am not mistaken, I have seen that man before.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（三）on condition(that).引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句

    on condition(that).引導(dǎo)的條件從句是主句事件發(fā)生的前提條件或唯一條件，意為”在……條件下”。

    I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep secret.

    我可以告訴你真相，條件是你答應(yīng)保守秘密。

    Ron lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month.

    歲恩把錢借給我，條件是下月歸還。

   I will go with you on condition that you buy me a new bicycle.

   只要你給我買一輛新白行車，我就跟你去。

（四）supposing／provided/providing／given(that)引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句

  supposing/providing／provided(that)可以用做連詞，意為“如果”，引導(dǎo)的條件從句表示一種假設(shè)條件。這幾個詞意義相近。

  Supposing (that) it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?

倘若下雨，我們的運(yùn)動會還要繼續(xù)舉行嗎？

Supposing (that) something should go wrong, what would you do then?

假如出了什么問題，你準(zhǔn)備怎么對付？

It's not worth the risk, supposing your mother found out.

不值得冒這個險，萬一你媽媽發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎么辦？

I don't mind Guy coming with us. Provided/providing (that) he pays for his own meals. 只要蓋伊自付餐費(fèi)，我不介意他和我們一起去。

I will cooperate provided/providing (that) I am notified on time.

只要及時告訴我，我就會合作。

Providing /Supposing/Given/Provided (that) you promise not to tell anyone else, I'll explain the secret. 只要你保證不告訴任何人，我就把這個秘密告訴你。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：in case 在英式英語中表示目的，在美式英語中可表示條件，意為“如果，萬一“。

    In case I am late, start without me. 要是我來晚了，你們就先開始吧。

    Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.

隨身帶著帽子，以防陽光太烈。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

讓步狀語從句

    在句中充當(dāng)讓步狀語的從句稱為讓步狀語從句。讓步狀語從句既可置于主句之前，也可置于主句之后。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞有although，though，even if．Even though, if, when, whether…or…, whether(…) or  not,  while, whatever, no matter what/how/why等。

（一）though／although的用法

  although和though意義一樣，都作“雖然，即使”解，都表示讓步，一般情況下可互換使用，只是although語氣較重，大多置于句首。though/although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，主句若用yet或still引出，更加強(qiáng)調(diào)對比性，但不可出現(xiàn)but。有時也用倒裝句型。在as though，even though中一般不可用although代替。同時although不可當(dāng)副詞用，而though可以。

They are generous though they are poor. 雖然他們很窮，但他們很慷慨。

Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.

盡管我們已經(jīng)長大了，可是我們的父母仍把我們看做小孩。

Although he is rich，yet he is not happy. 雖然他很富有，但是他并不快樂。

Though a lie may be well dressed, it is ever overcome.

即使謊言被修飾地再好，到頭來總會被揭穿。

（二）even though／even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

  這兩個短語表示語氣更強(qiáng)的讓步，常常意為“再退一步說”。even though更加強(qiáng)調(diào)對“既成事實”的讓步，even if更強(qiáng)調(diào)對“假設(shè)”的讓步。

I'll get there even if /even though I have to walk all the way.

  即使得一路走著去，我也要走到那里。

Even if he is poor, she loves him. 即使他很窮，但她還是愛他。

    =He may be poor, yet she loves him.

    Even though he is poor, she loves him．盡管他很窮，但她還是愛他。

    =He is poor, yet she loves him.

（三）as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

as表示“讓步”時常用倒裝。倒裝時若有帶冠詞的名詞，冠詞需要省去。as的這種用法與though倒裝時的用法完全一致，although不可這樣用。as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須以部分倒裝的形式出現(xiàn)，被倒裝的部分可以是表語、狀語或動詞原形。

Urgent as/though the message is, it is impossible to send it there in time.

    消息很緊急，但不可能及時送到。

    =Though the message is urgent, it is impossible to send it there in time.

    Child as/though he was, he faced the dangerous situation calmly.

    盡管還是個孩子，但他能冷靜地面對危險情況。

   =Though he was a child, he faced the dangerous situation calmly.

   Much as he loves his daughter, he is strict with her.

   仡很愛女兒，但對她管教也很嚴(yán)。

   Reject as you may，I'll go. 縱使你反對，我也要去。

   =Though/Although you may reject,  I'll go.

（四）whether…or…／whether(…)or not引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

  whether…or…/whether(...)or not表示“不論是否……”，“不管是……還是……”之意。由這一個復(fù)合連詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句旨在說明正反兩個方面的可能性都不會影響主句的意向或結(jié)果。

    I'll go, whether you come with me or stay at home.

    不論你來還是留在家中，我都要去。

Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 無論你是否相信，這都是真的。

I'll marry her whether she is poor or rich. 不管她是窮還是富我都要和她結(jié)婚。

（五）while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

  while也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“盡管（部分承認(rèn)……是事實）”，比though／

  although語氣弱。while引尋的讓步狀語從句一般要位于句首。

While she is a lovely girl, she can be extremely difficult to work with.

她雖然是一個可愛的姑娘，但有時很難與她共事。

While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.

雖然我理解你的意思，但我還是不同意。

（六）wh-ever類詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

在英語中，wh-ever類詞可作主句的疑問詞，也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。一般沒有whyever的用法，同時whether本身就代替了whetherever的形式。這類詞在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時?？蓳Q成no matter+相應(yīng)的wh-詞，在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時只能用wh-ever。

Whatever you say, I won't believe you. 無論你說什么，我都不會相信。

=No matter what you say, I won't believe you.

Whenever I'm unhappy, it is my friend who cheers me up.

不管什么時候我不高興，總是我的朋友使我振作起來。

=No matter when I'm unhappy, it is my friend who cheers me up.

I'll wait for you however late it is．不管有多晚我都會等著你。

=I'll wait for you, no matter how late it is.

Whoever wants to speak to me on the telephone, tell him I'm busy.

不管誰打電話找我，告訴他我很忙。

=No matter who wants to speak to me on the telephone, tell him I'm busy.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：“no matter+疑問句”結(jié)構(gòu)只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，而wh-ever類詞還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。

Whatever(=No matter what) happened, he would not mind.

(讓步狀語從句)無論發(fā)生什么，他都不會介意。

I will take whoever (≠no matter who )wants to go. 誰想去我就帶誰去。

Whoever(≠No matter who )comes will be welcome.

（主語從句）不管誰來都會受到歡迎。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

比較狀語從句

    在句子中作比較狀語的從句稱為比較狀語從句。比較狀語從句一般位于句尾。

    比較狀語從句常用as…as, not as/so…as...，than等連接詞引導(dǎo)?！皌he+比較級…； the+比較級…”結(jié)構(gòu)也可引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句。

（一）同級比較

  同級比較常用；as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)。

  They want peace as much as we do. 他們和我們一樣都需要和平。

  Is it as good as you expected? 它有你期待的那樣好嗎？

  She is as bad-temper as her mother (is). 她和她媽媽一樣脾氣很壞。

  Water is eight hundred times as dense as air (is). 水的密度是空氣密度的八百倍。

（二）不同級比較

  不同級比較常用not as/so…as...結(jié)構(gòu)。

I can't run as fast as I used to. 我不如過去跑得快了。

  I am not so young as you think. 我沒有你想的那么年輕。

  Nothing is so popular as goodness.（諺）最受歡迎的是善行。

（三）差級或高級比較

  差級或高級比較常用…than…結(jié)構(gòu)。

  I like the dreams of the future than the history of the past.

  與過去的歷史相比，我更喜歡未來的夢想。

  If I have made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient attention than to any other talent.

如果說我有什么重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，與其說這歸功于我的天賦和才華，倒不如說是因為我持之以恒的專注。

  A valiant man's look is more than a coward's sword.

 （諺）勇士的目光比懦夫的劍更鋒利。

（四）比較關(guān)系的狀語從句

  比較關(guān)系的狀語從句常用結(jié)構(gòu)為“the+比較級… ,the+比較級…”。

  The more we do, the more we can do; the busier we are, the more leisure.

  找們做得越多，能做的就越多；越是緊張，就越有閑暇。

The miracle is this---the more we share, the more we have.

  神奇的是我們分享的越多，我們擁有的也越多。

  The harder you work，the more progress you will make.你越用功，進(jìn)步就會越大。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：what/as 也可引導(dǎo)對稱或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的狀語從句。

Food is to men what/as oil is to machine.食物之于人猶如油之于機(jī)器。

Engines are to machines what/as hearts are to animals.

引擎對于機(jī)器就好比心臟對于動物一樣。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

方式狀語從句

    在句子中作方式狀語的從句稱為方式狀語從句。方式狀語從句一般位于句尾，有時位于句中。常用連接詞as，(just) as…so...，as if，as though，the way等引導(dǎo)。

    （一）as if／as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句

    兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。常意為“仿佛……似的，好像……似的”。

I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.

  我記得整件事情，就仿佛是昨天發(fā)生的一樣。（與事實相反，謂語用陳述語氣）

    It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

    看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣）

(二)as，(just)as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句

  as, (just) as…so…等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后。(just) as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)位于句首時, as從句帶有比喻的含義，意為“正如……，就像”，多用于正式文體。

Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。

When in Rome do as the Romans do. （諺）入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。

Leave the children as they are. 讓孩子們自由隨便，不要管他們。

As water is to fish，as air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。

狀語從句中的省略

    在表示時間、地點、條件、方式（比較）或讓步等的狀語從句中，如果謂語含有動詞be，主語又和主句的主語一致，或其主語是it，那么從句中的主語和謂語的一部分（尤其是be動詞）往往可以省略。使用這些省略結(jié)構(gòu)可收到言簡意賅之功效。

（一）從屬連詞+名詞

    Though (he was) a young man, he has written three famous novels.

    雖然還是個年輕人，他已經(jīng)寫了3本著名的小說了。

    When (he was) still a boy of six, Bob was sent away from home.

    鮑勃才六歲時就被送出家門。

    As (she was) a child she began to learn to play the piano.

    還是個孩子時，她就開始學(xué)習(xí)彈鋼琴。

（二）從屬連詞+形容詞

When (they are) ripe, the grapes will be delicious.當(dāng)葡萄成熟之后就會很好吃。

Though (she was) young, she had to live on herself.

雖然年紀(jì)輕輕,但她不得不養(yǎng)活自己。

He talked to the stranger as if (he were) absent-minded.

他和陌生人談話似乎很不在意。

    He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.

    他真是個好人，盡管有時有點無聊。

（三）從屬連詞+副詞

     Once(you are)inside，begin to work. 一就緒，就開始工作。

     Unless (you are) here, you can't find this kind of butterflies.

     除非在這里，其他地方找不到這種蝴蝶。

     While (we were) there, we joined in voluntary labor on a project.

     我們一到那兒，就自愿參加了這項工程。

（四）從屬連詞+介詞短語

     When (you are) in doubt, please consult a dictionary.

     有疑問的時候，就請查字典。

     The waves dashed on the rocks as if (they were) in anger.

     波濤沖擊著巖石，好像發(fā)怒一般。

     She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.

     她看上去很焦急，好像遇到了麻煩。

     While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but capable student.

     我在上大學(xué)時就開始認(rèn)識他，他是一個奇怪但有能力的學(xué)生。

     He opened the desk, as if (he was) in search of something important.

     他打開抽屜好像在找一件什么重要的東西。

（五）從屬連詞+不定式

    She moved his lips as if (she wanted) to speak. 她的嘴動著仿佛要說什么。

    He raised his hand as if (he were) to ask something. 他舉起手好像要問什么。

    He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.

    即使他來負(fù)責(zé)，他也解決不了這個問題。

    He cleared his throat as if (he wanted), to say something.

    他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。

（六）從屬連詞+動詞的-ing形式

    Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street. 過馬路時要小心。

    Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.

    雖然他的父母缺錢，他們?nèi)园阉腿肓舜髮W(xué)。

=Though his parents lack money, they managed to send him to university.

He stared at me as if seeing me for the first time.

他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。

=He stared at me as if he had seen me for the first time.

The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) searching for something lost on the sports ground.

這男孩很不耐煩地在操場上到處跑著，仿佛在找什么東西。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

注意：as在引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，氣候不能運(yùn)用省略形式，此時用when, while替代。

    When/While living in London, I picked up English. (不能用as)

    在倫敦期間我學(xué)了英語。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

（七）從屬連詞+動詞的-ed形式

    When (it is) taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.

    按照說明服用，這種藥就沒有副作用。

    When (it is) published, the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.

    一旦出版，這部小說將會成為該年度的暢銷書之一。

    She has finished the work earlier than (it has been) expected.

    她這項工作比預(yù)期的提前完成。

    Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad concert.

    即使邀請我去，我都不想去聽如此差的音樂會。

    You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.

    除非叫你離開，否則你應(yīng)待在原地。

    The boy wouldn't leave even though (he had been) asked to twice.

    盡管給小男孩說過兩次，但他還是不愿離開。

（八）其他形式

1) 省略式的條件狀語從句句型為if necessary，if possible, if true，if so, if not, if anyone, unless, once, as long as等詞或短語后也運(yùn)用省略形式。這種省略式的狀語運(yùn)用頻繁，有的已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣表達(dá)法，被人們所熟知，而對于其完整的狀語從句用的越來越少。

    If (it is) necessary, we will buy a new car.

    如果有必要的話，我們會買一輛新車。

    If (it is) possible, I'll travel to Denmark next month.

    如果可能的話，下個月我會去丹麥旅行。

   He may be busy，if (it is) so, I'll call later.  If (it is) not, can I see him now?

   他可能很忙，要是這樣，我以后再來拜訪。要是不忙，我現(xiàn)在可以見他嗎？

   If (it is) true, this will cause us a lot of trouble.

   如果是真的，這會給我們帶來很多麻煩。

   There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him.

   現(xiàn)在很少有人能記起他。

2) 狀語從句中的主語盡管與主句的主語不相同，但如果它與主句的邏輯主語相同或根據(jù)主、從句的對應(yīng)關(guān)系判斷，意思比較明確，同時，從句的謂語又含有動詞“be"的某種形式，則可省略從句中的“主語+be"部分。

  There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.

  有幾點簡單的安全措施訓(xùn)練時必須遵守。

  We all expect to live where (the place is) not polluted.

  我們每個人都期望生活在一個未受到污染的地方。

3) 如果狀語從句和主句都含有“there be”的某種形式或只有狀語從句含有“there be”的某種形式，從句中的“there be'’常常也可以省略

  There are few, if (there are) any mistakes in that book.

  那本書就是有錯誤也不多。

  We shouldn't lose heart as long as (there is) any hope with us.

  只要有一線希望我們就不能灰心。

4) 由than和as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句，在意義明確的情況下，可省略than和as后面

  的任何部分

  He works as fast as a skilled worker (does)．他工作起來和技術(shù)工人一樣快。

  I know you better than (I know) him. 我對你比對他了解得清楚。

  I know you better than he (knows you). 我比他更了解你。

  In winter it's colder in Beijing than (it is cold) in Guangzhou.

  在冬天，北京比廣州冷。

自測習(xí)題

1． I am going to pursue this course，________________________________________(無論我要做出什么樣的犧牲）．

2.  I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because______________________________________(它更方便和省時).

3.  The matter was so serious that I____________________________________(除了報警別無選擇).

4.  She is said to have been a good student until she______________________________（在期末考試中被抓住作弊）．

5． If you had_______________________________________（聽從了我的忠告，你就不會陷入麻煩）．

6.  The farmer put up iron fences around the garden _____________________________（以免鄰居家的羊闖進(jìn)來）．

7． ________________________________________（如果這所大學(xué)沒有這么好的聲譽(yù)）, I would not have come here.

8.  _________________________________________(盡管他要達(dá)到父母的期望很難），he was determined to do his best.

9.  __________________________________（當(dāng)他的公司處于破產(chǎn)邊緣的時候），one of his customers gave him an order.

10.  you can start your own business____________________________________（只要得到當(dāng)局允許）．

11.  __________________________________________（為了確保這個制度同過去一樣卓有成效），we must root out fraud and abuse.