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中考英語語法主從復(fù)合句專題復(fù)習(xí)

 南山松林 2012-05-08

中考英語語法主從復(fù)合句專題復(fù)習(xí)


主從復(fù)合句(The complex sentences)
主從復(fù)合句(初中掌握三類從句,即賓語從句、狀語從句、定語從句)
1. 賓語從句
賓語從句在主從復(fù)合句中起賓語的作用,既可作謂語動詞的賓語,也可作介詞、非謂語動詞(動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞)的賓語。
1) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的用法 
4 陳述意義的賓語從句,由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo),that本身無義,在口語或非正式文體中常可省略。  e.g. She said (that) she would come.
5 一般疑問意義的賓語從句由從屬連詞whether或if引導(dǎo),如果強(qiáng)調(diào)“究竟是…還是不…”,可在whether后加not  
e.g. Can you tell me if/whether you can come here tomorrow?  I’ll wait to see whether your words are true or not.
18 特殊疑問意義的賓語從句,由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo),賓語從句中的語序?yàn)殛愂鍪秸Z序。  
e.g. Please tell me when you were born.

2) 學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)問題
5 當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是think、believe、imagine等時(shí),后面的賓語從句要表示否定意義時(shí),要通過主句的否定式來實(shí)現(xiàn),即否定主句中的動詞。  e.g. 我認(rèn)為他明天不會來。 
(wrong)I think he will not come tomorrow.  (right)I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
6  某些形容詞后面也可有賓語從句,這些形容詞有:sure、certain、glad、pleased、happy、afraid、surprised、satisfied等。   e.g. I’m sure you can learn English well.

2. 狀語從句
狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),從屬連詞在從句中不擔(dān)任任何句子成分。狀語從句根據(jù)它所表達(dá)的意思可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較,讓步、方式和條件狀語從句等類。
狀語從句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。位于主句之前,一般要加逗號與主句分開;位于句末則不需要。
1 時(shí)間狀語從句  引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞有when、while、as、before、after、as soon as、since、till等   e.g. When he comes, I’ll tell him about it.
【注】A. when,as,while作為表示時(shí)間的從屬連詞時(shí)區(qū)別如下: when即可引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動作,又可引導(dǎo)短暫性動作。它可表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可表示從句的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前。  as引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動作,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生。  while引導(dǎo)的必須是持續(xù)性動作,并且所表示的時(shí)間范圍也較大,指“在某一段時(shí)間里”,“在…期間”,它強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動作的同時(shí)發(fā)生,并側(cè)重主句和從句動作的對比。
      B.till和until表示的意思相同,但在使用時(shí)需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
如果主句謂語是持續(xù)性動作,通常用肯定⑩謂語,表示“直到…為止”。
如果主句謂語是短暫性動作,必須用否定形式的謂語,表示“直到…才”。
      C.時(shí)間狀語從句中的謂語動詞不能用任何一種將來時(shí),終能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí),用一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí)。

2 地點(diǎn)狀語從句   通常由where和wherever引導(dǎo)  e.g. They went where they could find work.

5 原因狀語從句   通常由because,as,since引導(dǎo)  
e.g. Because it was wet, he took a taxi.   
As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.   
Since you can’t answer my questions, I’ll have to ask someone else.
【注】because,as,since都可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。Because語氣最強(qiáng),它所引導(dǎo)的從句是全句的核心,在回答why開頭的問句時(shí),只能用because。Since語氣次于because,表示顯然或已知的理由、原因,從句的意思次于主句。As的語氣最弱,所引導(dǎo)的從句放在主句之前,說明原因或理由,后面主句說明結(jié)果,主從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容同等重要。

12 目的狀語從句   通常由從屬連詞that,so that,in order that等引導(dǎo),并且這種從句中的謂語一般有情態(tài)動詞may,might,can,could等   e.g. Speak clearly so that they may understand you.

18 結(jié)果狀語從句   通常由從屬連詞that,so that(以致,結(jié)果),so+形容詞/副詞+that(如此…以至于),such+名詞+that(如此…以至于)等引導(dǎo)  e.g. It was very cold so that the lake froze.

25 比較狀語從句   通常由從屬連詞as…as(和…一樣),not as(so)…as(不如…),than,the more…the more(越…越…)等引導(dǎo),這類從句通常省略與主語相同的成分   e.g. You sing better than I do.

27 條件狀語從句   通常由從屬連詞if,unless等引導(dǎo)   
e.g. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
【注】條件狀語從句與時(shí)間狀語從句一樣,從句中不能用將來時(shí)態(tài),要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示相應(yīng)的將來時(shí)態(tài)。

29 方式狀語從句   通常由從屬連詞as(正如),as if(as though)(好像)等引導(dǎo)  
e.g. I did just as you told me.

35 讓步狀語從句   通常由從屬連詞though(although)(雖然,盡管),even if(even though)(即使)等引導(dǎo)   e.g. Although they are poor, they are happy. (注:翻譯是后半句帶有轉(zhuǎn)折的意味,但不能由but連接。有although或though就不能有but)

3. 定語從句
定語從句在主從復(fù)合句中起定語作用,修飾主句中的名詞或代詞,被定語從句修飾的詞叫作先行詞,定語從句一般放在它所修飾名詞或代詞之后。
定語從句主要由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,that和關(guān)系副詞when,where,,why所引導(dǎo)。它們在意義上代表先行詞,同時(shí)在定語從句中擔(dān)任某種成分,但沒有疑問的意義。
定語從句分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。
1 關(guān)系代詞的用法
2 who指人,是主格,在定語從句中作主語。Whom指人,是賓格,在定語從句中作賓語,在非正式文體、口語中??梢允∪ァhose指人或事物,是所有格,在定語從句中作定語,當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時(shí), 可以與of which 調(diào)換   
e.g. The tall man who is standing over there is my brother.(who is standing over there是關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾who的先行詞man,who在從句中作主語)
20 that多用來指物,有時(shí)也指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,指物時(shí)的用法與which基本相同,作賓語??墒÷浴?nbsp; 
e.g. Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting?(that is speaking at the meeting是關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾that的先行詞man,that在從句中作主語)
24 which指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時(shí)??墒÷?。  
e.g. The assistant showed me the book (which) I wanted to buy.( which I wanted to buy是關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾which的先行詞book,which在從句中作賓語,因此可省略)

2 關(guān)系副詞的用法
3 when指時(shí)間,在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語,表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo),有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)         
e.g. I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
11 where指地點(diǎn),在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語  
e.g. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
14 why指原因,在定語從句中做原因狀語    
e.g. I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
16 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí),常用there is來引導(dǎo)         
e.g. There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
17 關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞
why =for which   where =in/ at/ on/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)   
when =during/ on/ in/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)    如:
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
 (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/ where I was born.
 


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