關(guān)系代詞which用法說(shuō)明

1. 既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可用作非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：

This is the photo (that) I took. 這就是我拍的照片。

The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。

2. which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它在從句中主要用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)也可用作定語(yǔ)，在意義上大致相當(dāng)于this或that。如：

We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我們叫他去看醫(yī)生，他聽(tīng)取了我們的勸告。

He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 他學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，這種知識(shí)現(xiàn)今很重要。

注意，它與用作定語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞whose用法不同——whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它在意義上大致相當(dāng)于one’s。如：

Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation. 狼是高度群體化的動(dòng)物，它們的成功依賴于合作。

3. 關(guān)系代詞which原則上只指物，不指人；指人要用who。但是，有時(shí)指的不是具體的某人，而是指人的屬性（如職業(yè)、身份、地位、職務(wù)、品質(zhì)、特征等），則要用which 而不用who。如：

He talked like a scholar, which he was not. 他說(shuō)起話來(lái)像個(gè)學(xué)者，其實(shí)他沒(méi)什么學(xué)問(wèn)。

She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她說(shuō)起話來(lái)像是個(gè)本地人，其實(shí)她不見(jiàn)得是。

They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他們指控他是叛徒，他真是叛徒。

4. 注意不要一看到句前有逗號(hào)，就以為一定要用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如以下幾句逗號(hào)后的that均不能換成which（原因是逗號(hào)前的句子為狀語(yǔ)從句）：

If a book is in English, that means slow progress for you. 如果一本書(shū)是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的，那就意味著你要讀慢些。

If he’s only interested in your looks, that just shows how shallow he is. 如果他只對(duì)你的相貌感興趣，那就說(shuō)明他相當(dāng)淺薄。

When I say two hours, that includes time for eating. 我說(shuō)兩小時(shí)，那是包括了吃飯的時(shí)間。

5. 比較下面兩句，第一句用了連詞but，其后用them；第二句沒(méi)用連詞but，其后用which：

She wrote a lot of novels, but none of them were popular.=She wrote a lot of novels, none of which were popular. 她寫(xiě)過(guò)許多本小說(shuō)，但沒(méi)有一本是受歡迎的。

6. 有時(shí)可以見(jiàn)到“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)（可視為一種緊縮的定語(yǔ)從句）。比較：

She must have time in which to grow calm.=She must have time in which she can grow calm. 她必須有冷靜下來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間。

She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.=She had some money in the bank, with which she could help her mother. 她銀行里有些錢(qián)用來(lái)幫助她的母親。

值得指出的是，這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞不能沒(méi)有，并且該介詞也不能位于不定式后面，比較：

There the children had a garden in which to play.（很正式）

There the children had a garden in which they could play.（較正式）

There the children had a garden to play in.（較口語(yǔ)化）在那兒孩子們有個(gè)可以玩耍的花園。

但是不能說(shuō)：There the children had a garden which to play in.

7. 有時(shí)可見(jiàn)到由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句單獨(dú)成句。如：

Mary is enormously respected. Which is not to say you are not an exceptionally able lady. 瑪麗非常受尊重，但這并是說(shuō)你不是一位極為能干的女士。