角斗
　　奧林匹克運動會起源于古希臘，因舉辦地點在奧林匹克而得名。傳說古代奧運會是由眾神之王宙斯所創(chuàng)始的。第1屆古代奧運會于公元前776年舉行，到公元394年共舉行了293屆。運動會每隔1417天即4年舉行一屆。后來人們將這一周期稱為奧林匹克周期。隨著近代體育的興起，希臘人民希望恢復(fù)古代奧運會。在1859――1889年，希臘曾舉辦過4屆奧運會，做了初步嘗試。自1883年開始，法國人顧拜旦致力于古代奧運會的復(fù)興。經(jīng)他與若干代人的努力，國際奧林匹克委員會于1894年6月23日成立。顧拜旦制訂的第一部奧林匹克憲章強調(diào)了奧林匹克運動的業(yè)余性，規(guī)定在奧運會上只授予優(yōu)勝者榮譽獎，不得以任何形式發(fā)給運動員金錢或其他物質(zhì)獎勵。1893年4月6――15日，第一屆奧林匹克運動會在雅典舉行。

古代奧林匹克運動會基本上是每四年舉行一次，這一周期被稱為“奧林匹亞德”。按此周期算，則從公元前776年到公元394年間共應(yīng)舉辦293屆；但實際上召開的次數(shù)要少得多。不過，古代奧運會有規(guī)定，一個奧林匹亞德為一屆，不管舉行與否次數(shù)照算。

古奧運會初期，競賽項目不多，所以前22屆時間僅一天。后來隨著比賽項目的增加，又延長為兩天。從第37屆增加少年比賽項目后，時間又延長到5天。其中第一天是開幕式，舉行獻祭和宣誓儀式，第二、三四天是比賽的具體內(nèi)容，第五天是閉幕式，進行發(fā)獎和敬神活動。

古代奧運起源

古希臘是一個神話王國，優(yōu)美動人的神話故事和曲折離奇的民間傳說，為古奧運會的起源蒙上一層神秘的色彩。傳說：古代奧林匹克運動會是為祭祀宙斯而定期舉行的體育競技活動。另一種傳說與宙斯的兒子赫拉克勒斯有關(guān)。赫拉克勒斯因力大無比獲“大力神”的美稱。他在伊利斯城邦完成了常人無法完成的任務(wù)，不到半天功夫便掃干凈了國王堆滿牛糞的牛棚，但國王不想履行贈送300頭牛的許諾，赫拉克勒一氣之下趕走了國王。為了慶祝勝利，他在奧林匹克舉行了運動會。

關(guān)于古奧運會起源流傳最廣的是佩洛普斯娶親的故事。古希臘伊利斯國王為了給自己的女兒挑選一個文武雙全的駙馬，提出應(yīng)選者必須和自己比賽戰(zhàn)車。比賽中，先后有13個青年喪生于國王的長矛之下，而第14個青年正是宙斯的孫子和公主的心上人佩洛普斯。在愛情的鼓舞下，他勇敢地接受了國王的挑戰(zhàn)，終于以智取勝。為了慶賀這一勝利，佩洛普斯與公主在奧林匹亞的宙斯廟前舉行盛大的婚禮，會上安排了戰(zhàn)車、角斗等項比賽，這就是最初的古奧運會，佩洛普斯成了古奧運會傳說中的創(chuàng)始人。

奧運會的起源，實際上與古希臘的社會情況有著密切的關(guān)系。公元前9-8世紀，希臘氏族社會逐步瓦解，城邦制的奴隸社會逐漸形成，建立了200多個城邦。城邦各自為政，無統(tǒng)一君主，城邦之間戰(zhàn)爭不斷。為了應(yīng)付戰(zhàn)爭，各城邦都積極訓(xùn)練士兵。斯巴達城邦兒童從7歲起就由國家撫養(yǎng)，并從事體育、軍事訓(xùn)練，過著軍事生活。戰(zhàn)爭需要士兵，士兵需要強壯身體，而體育是培養(yǎng)能征善戰(zhàn)士兵的有力手段。戰(zhàn)爭促進了希臘體育運動的開展，古奧運會的比賽項目也帶有明顯的軍事烙印。角斗成為了古代奧運會爭奪最為激烈和殘酷的比賽項目。連續(xù)不斷的戰(zhàn)事使人民感到厭惡，普遍渴望能有一個賴以休養(yǎng)生息的和平環(huán)境。后來斯巴達王和伊利斯王簽訂了“神圣休戰(zhàn)月”條約。于是，為準備兵源的軍事訓(xùn)練和體育競技，逐漸變?yōu)楹推脚c友誼的運動會。

古代奧運記事

古奧運會從公元前776年起，到公元394年止，經(jīng)歷了1168年，共舉行了293屆。按其起源、盛衰，大致分為三個時期：

(1)公元前776年至公元前388年，這一時期各城邦之間雖有紛爭，但希臘是一個獨立的國家，政治、經(jīng)濟、文化都較發(fā)達，是運動會的黃金時期。特別是公元前490年，希臘雅典在馬拉松河谷大敗波斯軍之后，民情奮發(fā)，國威大振，興建了許多運動設(shè)施、廟宇等，參賽者遍及希臘各個城邦，奧運會盛極一時，成為希臘最盛大的節(jié)日。

(2)公元前388年至公元前146年，開始衰落。由于斯巴達和雅典長期的伯羅奔尼撤戰(zhàn)爭(公元前431年至公元前404年)，希臘國力大減，馬其頓逐漸吞并了希臘。馬其頓君王菲利普還親制自參加了賽馬。隨后亞歷山大帝雖自己不喜愛體育活動，仍積極支持，并視奧運會為古希臘的最高體育活動開幕式，為其增添設(shè)施。不過，這一時期古奧運會精神已大為減色，并開始出現(xiàn)職業(yè)運動員。

(3)公元前146年至公元394年，古奧運會由衰落走向毀滅。羅馬帝國統(tǒng)治希臘后，起初雖仍舉行運動會，但奧林匹亞已不是唯一競賽地了。如公元前80年第175屆奧運會，羅馬經(jīng)濟規(guī)律就把優(yōu)秀競技者召集在羅馬比賽，而奧林匹亞只舉行了少年賽。這時職業(yè)運動員已開始大量出現(xiàn)，奧運會成了職業(yè)選手的比賽，希臘人對之失去了興趣。公元2世紀后，基督教統(tǒng)治了包括希臘在內(nèi)的整個歐洲，倡導(dǎo)禁欲主義，主張靈肉分開，反對體育運動，使歐洲處于一個黑暗時代，奧運會也隨之更趨衰落，直至名存實亡。公元393年羅馬皇帝狄奧多西一世宣布基督教為國教，認為古奧運會有違基督教教旨，是異教徒活動，翌年宣布廢止古奧運會。公元895年，拜占廷人與歌德人的阿爾菲斯河發(fā)生激戰(zhàn)，使奧林匹亞各項設(shè)施毀失殆盡。公元426年狄奧多西二世燒毀了奧林匹亞建筑物的殘余部分。公元522、511年接連發(fā)生的兩次強烈地震，使奧林匹亞遭到了徹底毀滅。就這樣順延了1000余年的古奧運會不復(fù)存在了，繁榮的奧林匹亞變成了一片廢墟。

古代奧運遺產(chǎn)

古奧運會雖然消亡了，但給人類社會留下了一筆寶貴的文化財富，古奧運會創(chuàng)造的競技運動組織模式與奧林匹克理想和精神，對現(xiàn)代體育產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。古奧林匹克精神更為后人所尊崇和借鑒。古代“奧林匹克精神”主要內(nèi)容為：

(1)和平與友誼的精神。古奧運會反映了人民渴望和平的意愿；在"神圣休戰(zhàn)"期間各城邦人民可以自由交往、經(jīng)商旅行，反映了人民對友誼的崇尚。

(2)尊崇公正、平等、競爭的精神。運動員賽前宣誓：“不以不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄稳?！”既是一種社會對人的理想化的規(guī)范，也反映了人們對公正、平等、競爭的渴望與崇敬。

(3)追求人體健美的精神。古奧運會不僅是體能的比賽，也是健美的比賽，它體現(xiàn)了古希臘人的對人體健美的追求。

(4)表現(xiàn)“征服意示”的以取勝為快的追求奮進精神。古奧運會是古希臘人展示自我、表現(xiàn)自身價值的一種形式，運動員來到賽場，就是要勝過別人，成為冠軍。這是一種鼓舞人奮進向上、不斷探索和社會進步的可貴動力。

The Olympic sports games originates ancient Greece, getting because of holding a location in the Olympic.Fabulous and ancient Olympic game from many Wang Zeus of the absolute being initiate of.The 1st ancient Olympic game holds in 776 B.C., holding 293 totally to 394 A.D..The sports games holds a namely for 4 years every 1417 days.Afterwards people will be called Olympic period on this period.Along with the rise of the modern athletics, the Greek hopes to recover ancient Olympic game.At 1859 the ―― 1889, the Greece has ever held 4 Olympic game, doing first step to try.Start from 1883, the Frenchman attends to do obeisance the renew that the concentrates on ancient Olympic game.By he with some persons effort, the international Olympic committee establishes on June 23th in 1894.The first Olympic charter that attends to do obeisance to establish emphasized the amateur of the Olympic sport, rule last give to the championship prize of honor in the Olympic game, can not give out the athlete money or other material rewards by any form.April of in 18936 ――s on 15th, first batch the Olympic sports games Be holding Athens.

Basically the ancient Olympic sports games holds every four years, being called" LIN2 PI YA3 is virtuous" on this period.Press this period to calculate, then should hold 293 totally from from 776 B.C. to 394 A.D.;But the number of times convened actually want to be little and have to be many.However, the ancient Olympic game contain provision, a LIN2 PI YA3 is virtuous is a, ignore to hold or not the number of times shine on calculate.

Ancient Olympic game initial stage, contest item not much, so front 22 then only day.Afterwards along with the increment of the event, again extension is two days.From the 37th increase a young event after, time prolongs again till 5 days.BE an opening ceremony the first day among them, hold to dedicate a fiesta and take an oath a rites, the second,34 days is the concrete contents of the games, is a closing ceremony the fifth day, carry on delivering a prize with respect an absolute being activity.

Ancient Olympics origins

The ancient Greece is a myth Kingdom, the beautiful moving myth story and turns and twists odd folk tale, cover with a layer a mysterious color for the origins of the ancient Olympic game.Legend:The ancient Olympic sports games is the athletics tournament activity that periodically holds for offering sacrifices to a Zeus.Another legend has something to do with Zeus' son pulling the gram .The pulls the gram is big and matchless to get"strongly absolute being" because of the dint of beautiful call.He completed ordinary people and can't complete in the benefit city nation of mission, don't arrive the along while effort and then sweep clean king's heap the cow of the full cow muck, but the king do not want to implement to present 300 head XU3 NUO4 of cow, the pulls the gram to kick out a king in a pet.For the sake of the celebration victory, he held a sports games in the Olympic.

As for ancient Olympic game origins spread the most wide is the story that wears the to marry.Ancient king of Greece benefit for giving the own daughter the husband of princess that chooses a versed in literary and military arts, the one who put forward to should choose has to be competed chariot with oneself.There are 13 youths to die successively in the long pike of the king in the game under, but the 14th youth is exactly the grandson of the Zeus and the lover of the princess to wear the .Encourage in the love under, he accepted the king's challenge bravely, winning by triumph by strategy finally.For celebrating this victory, Zeus' temple that wears the and princess LIN2 PI YA3 at the held a grand wedding ago, will ascend to arrange chariot,the Cape etc. item game, this be the first ancient Olympic game, wearing the ancient Olympic game a legendary geneses person.

The origins of the Olympic game, have a close relation with the social circumstance of ancient Greeces actually.9-8th centry B.C., clan society in Greece breaks up gradually, the slave of the city nation system social gradual formation, build up more than 200 city nations.Each of the city nation is a , do not unify monarch, of the city nation war was continuously.For coping with war, each city nations all train soldier actively.The Sparta city nation the child rise and then is bring up by the nation from 7 years old, and be engaged in athletics,military to train, live a military life.The war needs soldier, the soldier needs strong body, but the athletics is the emollient means that the development can advertise for to fight well soldier.The war promoted Greece athletics exercise of open an exhibition, the event of the ancient Olympic game also takes to have obvious military branding.The angle fought into the ancient times Olympic Games to capture mostintense and the brutal event.The successive warfare makes the people feel abhorrence, widespread hope earnestly can have a depend on to living by rest and recuperate an interest of peaceful environment.Afterwards Sparta king and the benefit the king sign"sacred cease fire a month" treaty.Hence, train to contest and athletics for the military that prepares manpower resource, change into the sports games of[with] peace and comity gradually.

Ancient Olympics summary record

Ancient Olympic game since 776 B.C., to 394 years, experience 1168, held 293 totally.Press its origins,rise and fall, is divided into three periods mostly:

(1)776 B.C. to 388 B.C., although this that expects each city nation at that time contain conflict, the Greece is a nation of independence, the politics,economy,cultureses are all more flourishing, is the gold period of the sports games.Especially 490 B.C., Greece Athens after the Marathon the river valley hurt greatly Persia a soldier, the people live and feel resolve to succeed, the national prestige flaps greatly, building many sport facilities,temple...etc., taking part in a game all over each city in Greece nation of, the Olympic game is prosperous the pole become largest festival of Greece at that time.

(2)The 388 B.C. starts decline to 146 B.C..Because the Sparta and Athens long-term rush to withdraw war(431 B.C. to 404 B.C.), Greece national strength reduces greatly, Macedonia annexed by force Greece gradually.Macedonia gentleman WANG2 FEI LI4 still makes in person from attend horse-racing.Later on Alexander although the oneself doesn't like the athletics activity, still supporting actively, and treat Olympic game as the tallest athletics movable opening ceremony of ancient Greeces, increase facilities for it.However, this expect ancient Olympic game spirit to have already spoiled at that time, and start appear occupation athlete.

(3)146 B.C. to 394 A.D., ancient Olympic game from decline the alignment demolish.The Rome empire rules after the Greece, although the inception still holds a sports games, LIN2 PI YA3 is no longer unique contest ground.If 80 B.C. the 175th Olympic game, economic regulation in Rome call the excellent tournament in Rome to compete, but LIN2 PI YA3 held a young match.The occupation athlete has already started a great deal of emergence at this time, the Olympic game became the game of the occupation contestant, the Greek lost interest to it.After 2nd centry A.D., the Christianity ruled to include Greece at inside of the whole Europe, initiate asceticism, lay claim to body and soul to separate, is opposed to the athletics sport, make Europe be placed in a Dark Ages, the Olympic game also declines immediately and gradually, keep to exist in name only.393 years Rome emperor many wests an a life time declare the Christianity teaches for the country, think the ancient Olympic game againsts Christianity to teach an aim, is the heathen activity, the next year declares to abolish ancient Olympic game.895 A.D., the the river occurrence that does obeisance to share person and song a virtuous person arouses a war, making LIN2 PI YA3 's various facilities of ruin to lose almost exhausted.426 A.D. many wests two a life times destroyed by fire the remaining part of the LIN2 PI YA3 's building.A.D.522,continue occurrence for 511 years twice and severely earthquake, make LIN2 PI YA3 encounter to demolish thoroughly.Postponed the ancient Olympic game of more than 1000 years and don't reply to exist so, prosperous LIN2 PI YA3 became one ruins.

Ancient Olympics inheritance

Although the ancient Olympic game perish, gave the mankind the society to leave a precious cultural wealth, the ancient Olympic game create of the tournament sport organization mode and Olympic ideal and spirit, produced profound influence to the modern athletics.The ancient Olympic spirit is also respect by posterity and draws lessons from.Ancient times"Olympic spirit" main contents is:

(1)The spirit of[with] peace and comity.The ancient Olympic game reflected people a desire peaceful will;At"sacred cease fire" each city of period nation the people can associate,go into business freely trip, reflect people to emphasize comity.

(2)Respect fair,equal,the spirit of the competition.The athlete takes an oath before the match:"Don't be win victory with means been falsely!"Since is a kind of society's norm for the person's idealization, also reflected people to fair,equal,the desire of the competition with respect adore.

(3)Pursue strongly built spirit of human body.The ancient Olympic game is not only the game of[with] physique but also a strongly built game, its body now ancient Greek of pursue strongly builtly to the human body.

(4)The performance"conquer an idea to show" of take win victory as to pursue quickly to enter spirit courageously.The ancient Olympic game is a kind of form of the ancient Greek demonstration ego,the performance oneself value, the athlete arrives at the match field, be want to excel other people, become a champion.This is a kind of to encourage a person to enter to heading up courageously and investigate continuously with the social progressive valuable motive.