高考語法 —— 主謂一致

高考熱點
    主謂一致是中學重要的語法項目，也是學習難點之一。主謂一致主要是指謂語動詞必須和作主語的名詞或人稱代詞在人稱和數上保持一致。近年的高考試題中淡化對純語法知識的考查，因而很少有單獨考查主謂一致的語法項目。高考命題常常把其放入時態(tài)、語態(tài)、從句、倒裝句等一并考查。

主語和謂語在人稱和數上保持一致遵循三個原則：語法一致原則；意義一致原則；就近一致原則。
核心解讀

一、語法一致原則

1.the + 姓氏作主語，謂語用復數。

2. all, more, most, some, any, none, half, (a) part, the rest, two thirds, ten percent + of = n.作主語時，既可表示復數意義，也可表示單數意義，謂語動詞要根據實際情況而定。如：

All of the apple is rotten. 整個蘋果都爛了。

All of the apples are rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。

Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。

3. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時，謂語用復數，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of，two pairs of等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞視pair而定。如：

My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

4. both, many, several, few作主語時，謂語用復數
　　Few are here this morning.
5. 如果主語是由“the whole, many a + 單數名詞” 或“more than one + 單數名詞”構成，隨后 

的謂語動詞遵循“語法一致”原則，也就是說：盡管從意義上看是復數內容，但它的謂語動詞仍用單數形式。例：
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at the hero’s death.

全國陷入對英雄死亡的悲痛之中。
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm．
More than one student has (have) seen the film。不止一個學生看過這部影片。
注意：在“more + 復數名詞 + than one'’結構之后，謂語詞一般用復數形式。例如：
      More members than one are against your plan．

6. 不可數名詞作主語， 如machinery（機器[總稱]）, equipment, furniture, merchandise（商品/貨物）等, 謂語動詞用單數形式。 例：
 The merchandise has arrived undamaged.

    注意：不可數名詞作主語，其前有表示數量的復數名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復數
       Three million tons of coal were exported that year.

7. 短語、不定式、動名詞、以及從句作主語時應看作單數，謂語動詞用單數。例：
A Knowledge of English is necessary in foreign trade. 英語知識在外貿中很有必要。
Reading often means learning. 讀書常意味是學習。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
每天早晨朗讀英語有許多好處。
注意：兩個或者兩個以上的主語從句、動詞不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）做主語，表示

兩個或兩個以上的概念時或意義時，謂語動詞用復數形式。例：
Swimming in the summer and skating in the winter are my greatest pleasure.

8. 復數形式的專有名詞作為整體看待（如人名、地點、國家、組織、書籍、報刊等），動詞用單數形式。如：
The United States is the richest country in the world. 美國是世界上最富裕的國家。
“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜譚》）is an interesting book.

9.  名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略的情況指診所、工場、住宅等，作主語時，動詞一般用單數。例如：
My Uncle's is not far from here．
The doctor's is on the side of the street．
常見的省略名詞有：the baker's，the barber's，the carpenter's，the Zhang's，etc,
表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待，但用作主語時，謂語動詞往往用復數。例：
Richardson's have a lot of leather goods to sell．

10. 關系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。如：

      Those who want to go please sign their names here.

      Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.

      He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.

    注意：one of + n.pl.+ 定語從句，從句謂語與復數名詞一致；the only 等+ one of + n.pl + 定語從句，從句謂語與one保持一致：

          David is one of those people who have trouble making up their minds.

          He is the only one of the boys who has passed the exam.

11.  強調句中，永遠使用is/was:    It’s I who am going to Japan.

二.意義一致原則
　     主語和謂語動詞的一致關系取決于主語的單、復數意義，而不是語法上的單、復數形式，  

這樣的一致關系就是意義一致。也就是說，有時主語形式上為單數，但意義上卻是復數，那么謂語依意義也用復數形式；而有時主語形式上為復數，但意義上卻是單數，那么謂語依意義亦用單數形式。

1.     單數形式，復數意義：

police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth等集體名詞一般都用作復數。如：

The police are looking for the lost child.

2.     復數形式，單數意義：

（1）以復數形式表示單數概念的詞做主語時，謂語動詞用單數。如：news, works（作品）,    

Gymnastics（體操運動）, bowls（保齡球）, athletics（體育運動）, woods… 例：
The news is exciting. 這消息令人激動。
Bowls is popular with the old. 保齡球受老年人所青睞。
注意：① 復數形式的單、復數同形名詞作主語時，按意義一致的原則，作單數意義時，謂

語用單數；反之，謂語用復數。這類名詞有means(方法), works(工廠), species(種類), Chinese，Japanese等。例：

                 （上海春招）Every possible means ____ to prevent the air population, but the sky is still not clear.

A. are being used    B. have been used   

C. has been used     D. had been used
[答案]  C

[點撥] 本題同時考查主謂一致與事態(tài)。Means 這個詞的單、復數形式是一樣的。因為它被every修飾，所以表示的是單數意義，謂語動詞用單數。從“the sky is still not clear.”句可知，“use”這個動作發(fā)生在過去，強調的是對現在的影響，所以用現在完成時。

② 當它們前面有a，such a，this，that修飾時，謂語用單數；有all, such, these, those修飾時，謂語用復數。但“means", “no means", “the means" 等詞前沒有以上修飾詞時，可作單數，也可用作復數。
特別注意：work作“工作”解時是不可數名詞，作“著作/作品”解時是可數名詞，有單復數之分。

（2）某些以-ics結尾的學科名稱作主語時，如physics, mathematics, mechanics（力學）, politics , statistics, economics, linguistics等, 謂語動詞通常用作單數。 例：
Physics is a fundamental subject in science.
Mathematics is an interesting subject.
注意：但如果這類名詞前有物主代詞修飾時，謂語動詞單、復數均可。 例：
      His politics is/ are weak.

（3）群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱作主語，謂語動詞用作復數。 例：

The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.

The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.

3.     有些集合名詞如family, team, group, class, audience（聽眾，觀眾），government，crowd, committee, population 等作主語時，如看作是一個整體，謂語動詞則用單數形式；如強調各個成員時，謂語動詞要用復數形式。如：

      My family is going to have a long journey.我家要進行一次長途旅行。

      My family are fond of music. 我家人都喜歡音樂。

      The class has won the honour. 這班獲得了榮譽。

The class were jumping for joy. 全班同學都高興得跳了起來。

The population of China is larger than that of Japan.

One third of the population here are workers.

4. 表示時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的復數名詞或短語作為一個整體看待時，其謂語動詞常用單數形式。如：

Three years is not a long time.

Ten dollars is what he needs.

Five hundred miles is a long distance.

5. the + 形容詞（或分詞）作主語時，常指一類人，謂語動詞用復數形式。如指的是抽象概念，謂語動詞則用單數形式。如：

The young are usually very active. 年輕人通常是很活躍的。

The wounded are being taken good care of here now.

現在傷病員們在這里受到了很好照顧。

6. 由連接詞and或both … and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復數形式的謂語動詞。如：

Lucy and Lily are twins.

She and I are classmates.

Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個概念，謂語用單數：
law and order          法制               soap and water    肥皂水
a cup and saucer         茶杯碟子         fork and knife        刀叉
the needle and thread  針線               trial and error       反復嘗試，不斷摸索
horse and carriage       馬車              time and tide         歲月
bread and butter         奶油面包         the ebb and flow    盛衰，潮漲潮落

7. 不定代詞one(of), each(of), none of, no one; any-, every-, some-, no-與one, body, thing, where等構成的復合代詞， either (of), neither(of), another, much, every, no, the other等作主語或是修飾主語時應看作單數，謂語動詞用單數。例：
Something is wrong with the light. 這個燈壞了。
Nothing has been done to prevent the river being polluted.沒有采取措施來阻止這河流受污染。
Neither of my sisters likes sports. 我的姐妹中沒人喜歡運動。
Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner. 許多學生晚飯后常在校園里散步。

Each takes a cup of tea.

Either is correct.

Neither of them likes this picture.

注意：① 在口語中當either或neither后跟有“of+復數名詞（或代詞）”作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復數。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.

② 若none of后面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數；若它后面的名詞是復數，它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.

8.⑴ the number / variety of + 名詞復數，是表示“…的數字”，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式；a (large / great) number / variety of + 名詞復數，表示許多，作主語時；謂語動詞用復數形式。

The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.

       A number of students have gone for an outing.

  ⑵ a little，much，a great deal of，a large amount of +  u  作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。例：
A large amount of(A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time．
A great deal of trouble lies before us．

⑶ the quantity of + n.pl.或  u   / the amount of +  u  構成的短語，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數，例：
The amount of money is great.
The quantity of heat in the office has not been increased．
The quantity of books in the library is amazing．
注意：(large) quantities /amounts of修飾可數復數名詞或不可數名詞其短語作主語時，謂 

語動詞一般用復數。例：

With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ____  earth year. （山東高考）
A. is washing away        B. is being washed away 
C. are washing away      D. are being washed away
[答案]   C
[點撥] a large quantity of修飾可數或不可數名詞，整個短語做主語時，謂語動詞用單數；(large/huge ) quantities of 修飾可數名詞，整個短語做主語時，謂語動詞一般用復數。

⑷ a committee of （大量的）/a panel of （一組）/ a (the) board of + n.pl. 作主語，謂語動詞通常用單數。 例：
A committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter.
A panel of experts has considered the situation.
The board of managers is responsible for the firm

 ⑸ “a portion of,  a series of,  a pile of + n” 或由“a kind / sort / type of, this kind / sort / type of + n”作主語，謂語動詞通常用單數。 例：
A pile of apple logs was set beside the hearth.
A portion of （一部分）reports is deceiving（蒙騙人）.
This kind of cars is rather expensive.
This type of women is dangerous.

    注意： n.pl. + of this kind 作主語，謂語用復數，如：

 Apples of this kind are very good.

9. 并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數，and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。如：

The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.

這位工人作家明天要來我們學校。

Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黃油是他們每日的食品。

The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.

那位作家和那位工人明天將來我們學校。（兩個人）

10. 主語后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍與短語前的主語的形式保持一致。如：

      His sister, no less than you, is wrong.

      The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.

      Every picture except these two has been sold.

      Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.

      Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.

      Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.

11. what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數，也可是復數，主要靠意思來決定。如：

Which is your bag?          Which are your bags?

All (指物) is going well.      All（指人） have gone to Beijing.

12. 以what 引起的主語從句, the rest , the remainder 等引起的主語，謂語動詞按意思一致的原則處理。

What he said has been recorded . 他說的話已被錄音了

What I bought were three English books.

What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

三．就近一致原則
　    謂語動詞的單、復數形式決定于最靠近它的詞語。也就是說，謂語動詞的人稱和數常常與  

最近作主語的詞語保持一致。

1. or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)連接的是主語，謂語動詞與后一個主語一致。如：

Either you or I am going to the movies.

Not only you but also he is wrong.

2. 在倒裝句中，動詞的數應和它后面的主語的數一致。如以here, there開頭，be 動詞與后面第一個名詞一致。east, west, south, north， Such 的倒裝句，謂語采用意義一致得原則：
East of the city is (lies) a lake.    (are / lie  two lakes)

Such is what he said.           → Such are his words.

Here comes the bus.

Here is Mr Brown and his children.  

There comes the bus.

On the wall were two famous paintings.

注意：there, here, in 等詞后，主語是代詞時，不倒裝。如 In he came.

例  Behind the leader _____ our team warming blue suits.
     A. have     B. walk     C. is followed     D. appears
    [答案]   B
    [點撥] 介詞短語在句首，句子用完全倒裝。而謂語動詞與最近的主語our team一致。
            our team為主語，若have做謂語，則have沒有賓語，所以不符合。

注意：

① and連接的并列單數名詞前如有each, every, no, many a修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：

Every boy and girl has been invited to the party. 所有的孩子都被邀請參加這次聚會。

No teacher and no student is absent today. 今天沒有老師和學生缺席。

Many a student is busy with their lessons. 許許多多的學生都忙著復習他們的功課。

② 表示數量的one and a half + n.pl.作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式（也可用復數）

One and a half bananas is left on the table.
注意：half of，(a) part of修飾可數名詞單數或不可數名詞時，謂語動詞用單數；修飾可數

名詞復數時，謂語動詞用復數。