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實(shí)義動詞

 楊堯嘉 2011-01-15
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簡介

  實(shí)義動詞:及物動詞(帶賓語);不及物動詞(不帶賓語)。

及物動詞

  后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實(shí)義動詞,叫做及物動詞(transitive verb)。如:
  I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委員會將會考慮我們的建議。
  “How long can I keep the book ? ”Harry asked.哈里問:“這本書我可以借多久?”
  Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫給我們樹立了好榜樣。
  Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有許多有用的物質(zhì)。

不及物動詞

  本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語的實(shí)義動詞,叫做不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。如:
  Birds fly.鳥會飛。
  It happened in June 1932.這件事發(fā)生于一九三二年六月。
  My watch stopped.我的表停了。
  She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的會上發(fā)了言。
  3)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞 英語里有不少實(shí)義動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。這樣的動詞又有兩種不同的情況:
  a)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時(shí),意義不變。試比較:
  Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動詞)
  She began working as a librarian after she left school.她畢業(yè)后當(dāng)圖書館管理員。(began作及物動詞)
  When did they leave Chicago?他們是什么時(shí)候離開芝加哥的?(leave 作及物動詞)
  They left last week. 他們是上周離開的。(left 作不及物動詞)
  b)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時(shí),有時(shí)意義不盡相同。如:
  Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。
  Does this cloth wash well? 這布經(jīng)得起洗嗎?
  4) 與漢語的比較 有時(shí)英語動詞的及物和不及物的用法,與漢語的用法不一樣,請注意下列兩種情況:
  a)有的動詞在英語里只能用作不及物動詞,而漢語則可用作及物動詞,如arrive到達(dá),agree同意,listen聽。英語里這些動詞后面常接介詞。如:
  We arrived at the railway station at noon.我們于中午到達(dá)火車站。(at不能省去)(比較:We reached the railway station at noon.)
  Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每個(gè)人都很有興趣地聽講課。(to不可省去)(比較:We all heard the lecture.)
  Do they agree to the plan?他們同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃嗎?(to不可省去)
  b)有的動詞在英語里能用作及物動詞,而在漢語里則不能用作及物動詞,如serve為…服務(wù)。
  Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我們的兒童被教以全心全意為人民服務(wù)

編輯本段實(shí)義動詞的用法

  實(shí)義動詞詞義完整,能獨(dú)立作謂語,可分成:及物動詞(transitive verb)和不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。

1.及物動詞要求有賓語

 ?、費(fèi)r.Smith gave his wife twenty pounds for her birthday.史密斯先生給了他的妻子20英鎊過生日。
 ?、贖e asked the teacher a few questions.他向老師問了幾個(gè)問題。
 ?、踂e have friends all over the world.我們的朋友遍天下。
 ?、蹸hildren and young people like bright colors.孩子和年輕人喜歡亮麗的顏色。

2.不及物動詞不要求賓語

 ?、?Most shops in Britain open at 9:00 A.m. and close at 5:00 or 5:30 in the evening .英國大部分商店九點(diǎn)開門,晚五點(diǎn)或五點(diǎn)半關(guān)門。
 ?、贕eorge's father lives there.喬治的爸爸住在那里。
 ?、跮et's go home.我們回家吧。
  ④The examination ended at 11:30 A.m.考試上午十一點(diǎn)半結(jié)束。

3.特殊實(shí)義動詞

  英語動詞很多既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞,如
  close, begin, study, leave, work等。
 ?、賂he post office closes at 9:00 p. m.郵局晚上9點(diǎn)關(guān)門。
 ?、贑lose the window, please.請關(guān)窗。
 ?、跾hall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在開始嗎?
 ?、?Bill began working as a sailor after he left school.比爾畢業(yè)后當(dāng)水手。
  ⑤They left yesterday.他們昨天離開的。
  ⑥When did you leave Washington?你什么時(shí)候離開華盛頓的?
 ?、逿he students study hard.這些學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)努力。
 ?、郥he students study English and German.這些學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語和德語
 ?、酘e works in a supermarket.他在一家超市工作。
 ?、釮e works the machine on Mondays.他星期一操作這臺機(jī)器。
  3。實(shí)義動詞,也叫行為動詞。就我們現(xiàn)在所學(xué)的內(nèi)容來講,實(shí)義動詞所在的句子中一般不存在be動詞。也就是在含有實(shí)義動詞的句子變否定句或疑問句時(shí),一定不能用be動詞。那么,實(shí)義動詞究竟怎樣用呢?正如be動詞隨著主語的變化可變?yōu)閍m、is、are一樣,實(shí)義動詞在肯定句中,也要隨著主語的變化而變化。當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)he,she, it時(shí),實(shí)義動詞要變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的第三稱單數(shù);當(dāng)主語為非第三人稱單數(shù)I, you(你), we,you(你們) they時(shí),實(shí)義動詞要用動詞的原形。而在變否定句和疑問句時(shí),不能直接在動詞上變,而是要借助另一類動詞:助動詞do、does。
 ?。?)肯定句:
 ?、?I have a blue book.
 ?、?He has a brother.
 ?、?She wants to be a teacher.
  ④ They like to play basketball.
  (2)否定句:主語+don’t/doesn’t+動詞原形。其中do/does為助動詞,是來幫助實(shí)義動詞構(gòu)成否定或疑問句的,但加了do/does后,其后面的動詞必須用動詞原形。
 ?、?I have a blue book.(變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;I don’t have a blue book.
 ?、?He has a brother. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;He doesn’t hav brother.
  ③ She wants to be a teacher. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;She doesn’t want to be a teacher.
 ?、?They like to play basketball. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;They don’t like to pla basketball.
  (3)一般疑問句:Do/Does +主語+動詞原形+其他?句中加了do/does后,其后面的動詞還是必須用動詞原形。
 ?、?I have a blue book.(變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Do you have a blue book?
  ② He has a brother. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Does he have a brother?
 ?、?My brother does his homework before supper. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Does your brother do his homework before supper?
 ?、?She wants to be a teacher. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Does she want to be a teacher? 
  ⑤ They like to play basketball. (變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?→Do they like to play basketball?
  (4)特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句?
 ?、?Your sister likes English best because it’s interesting. (對加粗部分提問)
  →Why does your sister like English best?
 ?、?He does his homework before supper. (對加粗部分提問)→When does he do his homework?
  注意:當(dāng)含有and引導(dǎo)的短語在句中做謂語或賓語,我們把這類句子變否定句時(shí),必須把a(bǔ)nd變?yōu)閛r.如:
  (1)He can swim and dance. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;He can’t wim or dance.
  (2)My father likes English and math. (變?yōu)榉穸ň洌?#8594;My father doesn’t like English or math.
 ?。?) but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。
  例如:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
  比較:He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥,他什么都信

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