小男孩‘自慰网亚洲一区二区,亚洲一级在线播放毛片,亚洲中文字幕av每天更新,黄aⅴ永久免费无码,91成人午夜在线精品,色网站免费在线观看,亚洲欧洲wwwww在线观看

分享

簡(jiǎn)述科技論文中英語(yǔ)摘要的表達(dá)

 fanxing018 2010-12-15

趙卉

(山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 外語(yǔ)學(xué)院,山東 泰安271018 )

摘要:通過(guò)實(shí)例概述科技論文中英語(yǔ)摘要的寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn),提供了方便、有效、實(shí)用、符合邏輯的表述方式。

關(guān)鍵詞:科技論文;英語(yǔ);摘要;表達(dá)

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):H315文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1000-2324(2002)02-00-06

THE REPRESENATION OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT IN SCIENTIFIC PAPER

ZHAO Hui

Abstract:The characteristics of English abstract in scientific paper are analysed by using examples. This paper researches into the writing pattern with a more convenient,effective ,practical and logical way.

Key words: scientific paper;English;abstract ; representation

  科技論文是科技研究人員研究成果的直接記錄,包括理論性論文和實(shí)驗(yàn)性論文兩大類(lèi),理論闡述,與實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容描述均較專(zhuān)門(mén)深入,文字也均較正規(guī)、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)??萍颊撐牡慕Y(jié)構(gòu)已成格式化。一般包括標(biāo)題、提要(英文摘要)引言、正文、結(jié)論、參考文獻(xiàn)以及致謝這幾部分。摘要是論文的必要部分,是對(duì)論文內(nèi)容的概括和總結(jié)。聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織規(guī)定:“全世界公開(kāi)發(fā)表的科技論文,不管用何種文字寫(xiě)成,都必須附有一篇短小精悍的英語(yǔ)摘要”。1982年后,我國(guó)大多數(shù)院校(理工農(nóng)醫(yī)類(lèi))的學(xué)報(bào)參加了中國(guó)高等院校學(xué)報(bào)論文文摘(Chinese University Journal Abstracts) -CUJA英文磁帶版系統(tǒng),目的在于建立磁帶文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),以便進(jìn)入國(guó)際聯(lián)機(jī)檢索網(wǎng)絡(luò),使我國(guó)豐富的科技信息能在世界范圍迅速利用。

1 摘要目的

  摘要應(yīng)能使讀者迅速而準(zhǔn)確地判明該論文的主要內(nèi)容,是否合乎自己的所需,有無(wú)通讀全文的必要。因此作者應(yīng)從讀者角度出發(fā),在醒目的標(biāo)題上,精心撰寫(xiě)摘要,力求做到準(zhǔn)確、扼要,一覽無(wú)余,引人入勝,不僅便于檢索獲取信息,亦可得到重要啟發(fā)。

2 摘要內(nèi)容

2.1研究的目的

  要求簡(jiǎn)單明了,一般用一句話即可。如:
  The paper deals with the comparision between fermentation method and water-washing method for preparing starches(本文對(duì)酸漿法和水洗法制取淀粉進(jìn)行了比較。)

2.2研究的方法

  指本研究采用的方法和途徑。如:

  Powered soybean lecithin of great purity is extracted by lecithin solvent fromconcentrated soybean lecithin produced from hydrated oil foot on a laboratory scale .(以豆油水化油腳生產(chǎn)的濃縮大豆磷脂為原料,在實(shí)驗(yàn)室小試基礎(chǔ)上,用丙酮萃取法制取高純度的粉末大豆磷脂。)

2.3研究的結(jié)果

  介紹所取得的事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、結(jié)果等。如:

  The quality of the product has been up to that of the same product made abroad(產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量達(dá)到國(guó)外同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。)

2.4結(jié)論或意見(jiàn)

  簡(jiǎn)要介紹對(duì)研究結(jié)果的分析結(jié)論或看法。如:

  All this shows if the temperature of repeseed processing rises over the limit,the nutrition value of protein will be greatly deteriorated.(這說(shuō)明加工時(shí)溫度若超過(guò)這個(gè)限度,蛋白質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成份即發(fā)生嚴(yán)重劣變。)

3 摘要的長(zhǎng)度

  摘要一般為正文長(zhǎng)度的2%~5%

  概述(指示)性摘要(descriptive abstract)多用于綜述、述評(píng)、學(xué)術(shù)專(zhuān)著等,論題不集中而篇幅較長(zhǎng)的文章,只介紹論文的性質(zhì)、研究對(duì)象、探討范圍、主要論點(diǎn)(不涉及具體論據(jù))、結(jié)果和結(jié)論,以幫助讀者獲得一個(gè)概括性的了解,判斷是否有必要通讀全文,一般在125個(gè)單詞以內(nèi)。不同刊物對(duì)摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)有不同要求。

  資料性摘要(information abstract)在定量、定性方面提供較多信息,如數(shù)據(jù)、方法、設(shè)備、結(jié)果及結(jié)論等,參考價(jià)值大,特別適用于描述實(shí)驗(yàn)和專(zhuān)題論述,重點(diǎn)放在與眾不同的獨(dú)到之處,可達(dá)250個(gè)單詞左右。
4 摘要的精練

4.1不用開(kāi)場(chǎng)白

  開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,煩言休敘,如:

  A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made .我們把無(wú)線電波與水波作了比較。

4.2不用標(biāo)題語(yǔ)

  摘要開(kāi)頭處,不可將標(biāo)題中用過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)又重復(fù)說(shuō)一遍。此外,摘要中也不用圖表、方程、結(jié)構(gòu)式等非文字性內(nèi)容。

4.3不用客套話

  我國(guó)書(shū)籍、論文中常見(jiàn)“限于水平,謬誤難免,請(qǐng)不吝指正”一類(lèi)套話,西方人看到,難免不問(wèn)“作者既無(wú)把握,何必下筆誤人?”對(duì)論文如何評(píng)價(jià),讀者自有衡量,無(wú)煩作者辭費(fèi)。應(yīng)避免使讀者產(chǎn)生畫(huà)蛇添足,扭捍作態(tài)的反感。

4.4不用重復(fù)詞

  按修辭學(xué)要求,英語(yǔ)最忌重復(fù)。尤其在摘要中重復(fù),不僅不增加內(nèi)涵,反易引起混亂。如:


  Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas (省are an imporicant source of starch food )in tropics (tropic counties

)
4.5少用定冠詞

  現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)有減少用定冠詞the 的趨勢(shì),這是語(yǔ)言高度發(fā)展的必要結(jié)果。如美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部1980年年度報(bào)告長(zhǎng)達(dá)177頁(yè),而其摘要卻簡(jiǎn)潔如下:

  This publication contains short reports on investigations aimed at reducing salt damage to soils ,crops ,and water;improving irrigation and drainage of agricultural lands;/preventing pollution of, and improving the quality of soil,water,and air; controlling water erosion, wind erosion,and sedimentation;and conserving and managing agricultural water resources.

  文中冠詞the 只出現(xiàn)一次。在aimed at 前面省去which are ,這是用過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)取代從句的常用精簡(jiǎn)手法。

4.6少用形式主語(yǔ)

4.6.1形式主語(yǔ)it 多用于結(jié)論和建議。如:

1)It is concluded that a new method has to be devised.
2)It will be seen that further research is needed.
3)It is advisable that a change be made in the plan.
4)It is evident that the result is acceptable.

4.6.2有些作者不主張多用it,認(rèn)為多用就不免:①占去句首醒目的強(qiáng)調(diào)位置,平添一個(gè)that主語(yǔ)從句,使重要概念和事實(shí)不能及早入目,先睹為快;②主句用平淡無(wú)力的存在動(dòng)詞be,而有表現(xiàn)力的行為動(dòng)詞反隱晦在后隨從句中;③好像所提看法并非出自論文作者本心,使人懷疑作者有論據(jù)不足,因而不敢肯定之嫌。因此不如分別簡(jiǎn)化為:

(1) (Conclusion:)A new method has to be devised.(結(jié)論:)(不得不想出一個(gè)新辦法。)
(2)Further research is needed.(需要作進(jìn)一步的研究。)
(3)A change should be made in the plan.(方案應(yīng)作一些改變。)
(4)Evidently,the result is acceptable.(顯然,結(jié)果是令人滿意[可以接受]的。

4.7以短代長(zhǎng),刪去冗語(yǔ)

  為了節(jié)約文字,應(yīng)該盡量用短的詞語(yǔ)代替長(zhǎng)的,主要有三方面。

4.7.1用復(fù)合名詞傳遞信息最為簡(jiǎn)潔。試看:
(1)Transmission unit of diesel engine which is new and of low cost 用了12個(gè)單詞。改成復(fù)合名詞為:
  The new low-cost diesel transmission.只用6個(gè)單詞,節(jié)省用詞量50%,卻表達(dá)出同樣的意思:新型低費(fèi)用柴油機(jī)傳動(dòng)裝置

(2)A station for observing weather both by day and by night 用了11個(gè)單詞。改成復(fù)合名詞為:
  Day-and-night weather -observation station只用6個(gè)單詞,精簡(jiǎn)45.5%,也表達(dá)了一樣的內(nèi)涵:晝夜氣象觀測(cè)站

  兩例都做到了用詞省而無(wú)損于原意。此外,將關(guān)系密切的單詞用連字符號(hào)結(jié)成詞組,更能收到結(jié)構(gòu)謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)、含義清晰的效果,因此復(fù)合名詞在科技寫(xiě)作中廣泛運(yùn)用;用詞排列順序,與漢語(yǔ)略同,可以順譯。

4.7.2以單詞代詞組

  詞組應(yīng)該用含義相近的單詞代替。例如:

  根據(jù):用by代accord ng to, on the basis of ,in terms of
  由于:用for代due to ,as a result of ,for the reason that,due to the fact that
  現(xiàn)在:用now代nowdays,at present,at the present time
  經(jīng)常:用often代frequently,in many cases
  因?yàn)椋河胒or 代because ,on account of ,owing to the fact that
  事實(shí)上:用actually 代in fact,as a matter of fact

4.7.3以短語(yǔ)代從句

(1)改成介詞短語(yǔ)
  Those machines in operation(代which are now operating)are put into mass production.
(這些運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中的機(jī)器都投入大批量生產(chǎn)。)用介詞短語(yǔ)in operation代替從句which are now operating,表意相同,卻節(jié)省用詞一半。

(2)改成分詞短語(yǔ)This energy is transferred in turn to the object (which is )being lifted.這些能量轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)來(lái)又傳給正在提升的物體。

  用分詞being lifted 代替從句which is being lifted 不損原意而少用兩詞,可取。which is之類(lèi)的冗語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)不傳達(dá)任何信息,不妨刪去。

4.8不收通用內(nèi)容

  人所共喻、到處可加的通用性內(nèi)容可整句甚至整段地刪掉。有篇國(guó)內(nèi)論文的英語(yǔ)摘要原為:

  Wind power is a kind of inexhaustible and harmless energy source in the nature.Its application for providing electric power becomes more and more nowadays.However,the wind power is not easy to control,because the change of the wind velocity will change the rotating speed of the wind turbine.Consequently,the outputfrequency and voltage of the alternator driven by it will also be varied.This is unacceptable either to the consumers or to the parallel operation with an existing power system.For solving this problem, this paper presents a variable speed
and constant frequency and magnitude when the wind turbine speed varies within certain limits.This is realized by using an eddy-current coupling between the wind turbine and the alternator and the existing current of the coupling can be automatically regulated by means of electric devices so as to keep the speed of the alternator practically constant.The features of this system are its compactness,reliability,fine regulation and ease of control.The experimental characteristics will be given and some exploratory viewpoints on the application of system to wind power generation will be presented.

  英國(guó)INSPEC(Information Services in Physics,Electrotechnology,Computers and Control of the Institution of Electrical Engineers國(guó)際物理與工程情報(bào)服務(wù)部)磁帶數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)收錄這篇摘要時(shí),加工修改成為:

  Proposes a variable speed,constant frequency and magnitude wind turbine realized by using an eddy-current coupling between the wind turbine and its alternator.The currunt to the coupling can be automatically regulated by means of electric devices so as to keep the speed of the alternator practically constant.The features of the system are its compactness, reliability,fine regulation and ease of control. The experimental characteristics are given and some exploratory viewpoints on the application of this system to wind power generation are presented

  INSPEC修改后,摘要的質(zhì)量有很大改善,對(duì)比二者,對(duì)提高我國(guó)科技論文摘要的寫(xiě)作水平,是極富教益的:
  (1)原摘要前5句用單詞84個(gè),占全篇用詞(189個(gè))的45%,說(shuō)的不過(guò)是人所共知的風(fēng)力發(fā)電所具優(yōu)點(diǎn)與困難,不是本文所專(zhuān)有、而是旁文也可通用的一般性概念,沒(méi)有提到的必要,因此被INSPEC磁帶文摘整段砍掉。其余也經(jīng)刪改,共剩85個(gè)單詞,只留原摘要的45%。
  (2)INSPEC將原摘要第六句的開(kāi)場(chǎng)套話For solving this problem,this paper 刪去,并把謂語(yǔ)presents 換成Proposes;取消由when 引出的狀語(yǔ)從句;全句重新改寫(xiě),使句意更加明確。
  (3)INSPEC將原摘要第七句中不傳達(dá)任何信息的主謂語(yǔ)this is 去掉,簡(jiǎn)化成由realized 引出的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),并入上句,使得文字緊湊,不感拖沓。
  (4)原摘要要將主題詞wind turbine 放在從句中,眉目不清,喧賓奪主;INSPEC把它移到篇首較為顯眼的主句賓語(yǔ)位置;又將5個(gè)名詞speed、frequency、magnitude 、wind和簡(jiǎn)報(bào)連用,組成復(fù)合名詞,使得結(jié)構(gòu)謹(jǐn)嚴(yán),文詞簡(jiǎn)潔。
  (5)原摘要中the wind turbine and the alternator 的提法欠妥,因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)名詞處于并列地位,可以是彼此互不相關(guān)的事物。INSPEC將后一個(gè)the 改為its,一下就點(diǎn)明了二者之間是從屬配套關(guān)系,真不愧是點(diǎn)石成金的好手筆。
  (6)在后隨的并列句中,原摘要的主語(yǔ)the existing current of the coupling 被INSPEC刪去existing,而且將介詞of改為to,是極具匠心的。因?yàn)閑xisting這個(gè)詞在文意上并無(wú)必要,可以免去。介詞用of 時(shí),主語(yǔ)的含義是“聯(lián)軸器的電流”,這種說(shuō)法邏輯上是不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)摹NSPEC改of為to后,詞意變成“通到聯(lián)軸器的電流”,這才合乎邏輯,是畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛之筆。我們有時(shí)不甚注意把漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)得規(guī)范些、準(zhǔn)確些,以致反映到譯文上,很不符合英語(yǔ)特別講究邏輯的要求,這是值得重視的。
  (7)第二次提到前面說(shuō)過(guò)的事物,用冠詞the ,而不用this。
  (8)原摘要最后兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)will be given 和will be presented 都用將來(lái)時(shí),意思可能是表示“下面將說(shuō)到”??蛇@里并不是論文的引言,而是全文的摘要,沒(méi)有“下面”部分了,因此用將來(lái)時(shí)說(shuō)不通。INSPEC改成現(xiàn)在時(shí)are是正確的。

5 摘要的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

5.1時(shí)態(tài):

  科技論文側(cè)重于科技內(nèi)容與實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,所以科技論文中文摘寫(xiě)作的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用很有限,主要使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),其次是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
  The fundamental principles of modern communication are discussed .(本文討論了現(xiàn)代通訊的基本原理。)
  Several simple dielectnic rest objects have been utilized.(我們使用了幾種簡(jiǎn)單的介質(zhì)試驗(yàn)?zāi)繕?biāo)。)
  The results obtained demonstrate that the above equation holds for all cases.(所得結(jié)果表明,上述公式適用于各種情況。)

5.2語(yǔ)態(tài)

  在科技論文中由于主要著重講述客觀現(xiàn)象和科技真理,所以與日常英語(yǔ)和文學(xué)著作相比,被動(dòng)句使用較多。(外國(guó)人統(tǒng)計(jì)過(guò),被動(dòng)句在科技英語(yǔ)中約占三分之一,比文藝類(lèi)的文章多十余倍),而在英語(yǔ)文摘中更是如此。我們漢語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)句使用得較少,且可使用沒(méi)有行為主體的無(wú)人稱(chēng)句(或者使用主語(yǔ)“人們”“大家”等意義的詞,這時(shí)用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)就該用被動(dòng)句了,否則很容易寫(xiě)出沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)的“中文式英語(yǔ)”來(lái)。當(dāng)然科技英語(yǔ)中也有表示“人們、大家”的詞,那就是“one”而不是“people ”它在語(yǔ)法上表示單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng),總體上來(lái)說(shuō),也并不十分常用。我們通常見(jiàn)到的英文文摘的第一句話“本文提出了(介紹了,證明了)…其文常用被動(dòng)句。例如:
  (1)A new procedure for checking the stability of 2-D digital filters is proposed.
  (2)A spectral transformation technique is proposed for the design of three-dimensional concepts are used to generate stable 3-D continuous domain networksfrom a corresponding one-dimensional (1-D)prototype network.Implementation schemes are developed in the discrete domain that convert the 3-D analog network into a 3-D wave digital filter(WDF). The proposed 3-D discrete beam and planarfilters ofter significant advantages over directform realizations including thelow-sensitivity properties of the WDF and simplicity of the sturcture.(本文摘含有四個(gè)大句子,其中有三個(gè)屬被動(dòng)句)

6 科技論文英文摘要常用句型與用詞

6.1第一句應(yīng)直接點(diǎn)題,可以有幾種寫(xiě)法。

①
  This paper
    (本文)

        describes …(描述)
        presents …(提出)
        discusses…(討論)
        analyses…(分析)
        reports on …(報(bào)告)
        investigates…(調(diào)查)
        examines…(檢驗(yàn))
        deals with …(論述)
        researches into …(探討)
        gives …(給出)
        points out …(指出)
        reviews…(總結(jié))

  也可以使用名詞句型:

  This paper makes a study of …
  THis paper makes investigations on …
  也可不用This paper 作主語(yǔ),而用The author(作者)作主語(yǔ),但一般不用I或we作主語(yǔ)。

②
  Information

         regarding…
                is
         concerning …
                  described.
                  presented.
                  discussed.
                  analysed.
                  reported.
                  investigated.
                  examined.
                  dealt with.
                  given.
                  pointed out .

  這實(shí)際上是第一種句型的被動(dòng)態(tài)形式。

 ?、跧n this paper a new method (或approach)of … is introduced (或recommended).本文介紹一種… … 的新方法。

  By using … … was studied.使用… … ,對(duì)… … 進(jìn)行了研究。

6.2在第一句之后開(kāi)始簡(jiǎn)述過(guò)程或論據(jù),可以有幾種方式開(kāi)始

  An example of … is
             analysed 
             described discussed examined studied?。齣n detail.

  詳細(xì)地分析(描述、討論、檢驗(yàn)、研究)了… … 的例子。

  Data are displayed in graphs and tables.(數(shù)據(jù)顯示在圖表中。)

  Findings

Results  are
          presented.提出
          reported.報(bào)告
          analysed.分析
          examined.檢驗(yàn)
          discussed.討論  了
                     新的發(fā)現(xiàn)

                   結(jié)果
  A series of experiments were made /carried out on ……對(duì)……進(jìn)行了一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)。
  Special mention is given here to (sth).這里專(zhuān)門(mén)提到……。
  Examples of ……demonstrate that ……的例子表明……
  Statistics confirm……統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字肯定了……

6.3在摘要的末尾可以說(shuō)

  These
       results 
       data
       findings 
       experiments  also indicate that……

  這些結(jié)果(數(shù)據(jù)、發(fā)現(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn))也指出……
  The findings imply that …這些發(fā)現(xiàn)暗示……
  Based on these conclusions …is discussed.根據(jù)這些結(jié)論,討論了……。
       The findings suggest 
  that further research into ……
  is called for.這些發(fā)現(xiàn)提示要求對(duì)……進(jìn)一步研究。
  would be worth while.對(duì)……進(jìn)一步研究是值得的。

    本站是提供個(gè)人知識(shí)管理的網(wǎng)絡(luò)存儲(chǔ)空間,所有內(nèi)容均由用戶發(fā)布,不代表本站觀點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)注意甄別內(nèi)容中的聯(lián)系方式、誘導(dǎo)購(gòu)買(mǎi)等信息,謹(jǐn)防詐騙。如發(fā)現(xiàn)有害或侵權(quán)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊一鍵舉報(bào)。
    轉(zhuǎn)藏 分享 獻(xiàn)花(0

    0條評(píng)論

    發(fā)表

    請(qǐng)遵守用戶 評(píng)論公約

    類(lèi)似文章 更多