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淺談不定式在英語(yǔ)中的運(yùn)用

 昵稱1146265 2010-04-05

 

 淺談不定式在英語(yǔ)中的運(yùn)用

摘要:目前,英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的不定式在英語(yǔ)中運(yùn)用不可或缺,在其應(yīng)用過(guò)程中常常存在著帶to的不定式與介詞to兩者運(yùn)用上的混淆,以及在什么場(chǎng)合下該使用不帶to不定式的困惑。因此本文就此方向開(kāi)始通過(guò)分析關(guān)于不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、單獨(dú)使用、省略及其帶to不定式與介詞to的辨別等相關(guān)問(wèn)題,來(lái)淺談不定式在英語(yǔ)句法中的作用

關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ);語(yǔ)法;不定式(to);介詞to

英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中有三個(gè)非限定形式,即不定式(Infinitive)、-ing分詞(-Ing Participle)和-ed分詞(-Ed Participle)。而不定式在英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用中處處可見(jiàn),由此可見(jiàn)其重要性!

1.     動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式

不定式分為帶to不定式(To-Infinitive)和不帶to不定式(Bare Infinitive)。

不定式通常帶to,但是在某些搭配中不帶to,在另一些搭配中既可帶to也可不帶to。既是同常帶to,熟悉一下什么時(shí)候不帶to,就更有必要了。下面就不定式不帶to的使用場(chǎng)合作一些歸納,并作一些比較說(shuō)明。

a)      在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后

在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后用不帶to不定式。

如:You must do as you’re told.

但是邊際情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞(Marginal Modal Auxiliary)有所不同。例如need作情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to不定式,作主動(dòng)詞后跟帶to不定式:

We needn’t stay this evening.(作情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞)

We don’t need to stay this evening.(作助動(dòng)詞)

又如dare作情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to不定式,作主動(dòng)詞其后不定式通常帶to,也可不帶to:

I daren’t go there.(作情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞)

I do not dare to go there.(作主動(dòng)詞)

Does he dare (to) go?(作主動(dòng)詞)

b)      在半助動(dòng)詞之后

在半助動(dòng)詞之后用不帶to 不定式。

如:It’s sure to rain.

I happened to be out when he called.

c)在情態(tài)成語(yǔ)之后

在would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon(寧愿),may/might (just) as well(不妨、可以),cannot help but(不能不、不由得不)等情態(tài)成語(yǔ)(Modal Idiom)之后跟不帶to不定式。

如:Since it’s a fine day we might as well walk.

We could not but weep at the sad news.

He would rather listen to others than talk to himself.

He would sooner play than work.

d)在rather than/sooner than之后    

 置于句首時(shí),其后跟不帶to不定式。

如:Rather than cause trouble, he left.

Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.

置于句中其他位置時(shí),其后不定式既可帶to也可不帶to:

The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

He decided to write rather than telephone.

e)在“主動(dòng)詞+主動(dòng)詞”固定搭配到第一個(gè)主動(dòng)詞之后

常見(jiàn)的搭配有make believe, make do with/on, let drop/let fall, let fly at, let slip, let go of/leave go of, hear tell of, let…go hang等。

如:let’s make believe we have a million dollars.

They are not rich, but they make do on what they have.

f)在“使役動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)” ,“感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”及“have known+賓語(yǔ)”之后

在“let, make, have等使役動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”, “see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”及“have known(看過(guò)、聽(tīng)過(guò))+賓語(yǔ)”之后用不帶to不定式,但是被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),不帶to不定式轉(zhuǎn)為帶to不定式。

如:Abbey made him stay to tea.

John made her tell him everything.

She was made to tell him everything.

They saw him enter the building.

He was seen to enter the building.

Have you ever known him tell a lie?

That man has never been known to smile.

g)在介詞except/but 之后

注:如果except/but之前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式,其后通常用不帶to不定式,否則用帶to.

如:They did nothing except work.

There’s no choice but to wait.

h)在“why…/why not…?”之后

在這種句式中,緊接why之后的不定式總是不帶to 。

i)        在其他一些習(xí)慣用法中

在口語(yǔ)中,不帶to不定式還常見(jiàn)于其他一些習(xí)慣用法,比如在go, come, try等動(dòng)詞之后可接不帶to不定式。

如:Go post (=Go and post) a letter for me.

Come look (=Come and look).

I’ll try help (=try and help)him.

2.     不定式符號(hào)的單獨(dú)使用及其省略問(wèn)題

就不定式單獨(dú)使用而言,為了避免重復(fù)可省略其后的動(dòng)詞原形及其補(bǔ)足成分。不過(guò),省略情況常見(jiàn)于非正式語(yǔ)體,這里就不舉例了。但是如果其后的動(dòng)詞原形是be和have,在省略中通常要保留be和have,但隨后的成分仍可省略。

如:A:Aren’t you the manager?

B: No, and I don’t want to be.

3.     不定式符號(hào)to與介詞to 的辨別問(wèn)題

在我看來(lái),要辨別這兩者也沒(méi)什么特別的好方法,只能將介詞to的短語(yǔ)搭配背下來(lái)。下面我就個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的帶to的介詞短語(yǔ)舉些該類搭配。

a)      動(dòng)詞+介詞to

常見(jiàn)的搭配有add to, agree to, adhere to, admit to, allude to, amount to, attend to, attest to, bow to, cling to, come to, correspond to, confess to, consent to, contribute to, object to, get to, pertain to, react to, resort to, recover to, refer to, relate to, submit to, succeed to, stick to, swear to, take to, trust to, witness to yield to等。

b)      動(dòng)詞+名詞/代詞+介詞to

 常見(jiàn)的搭配有ascribe… to, apply… to, attribute… to, abbreviate… to, accustom …to, confine… to, commit… to, devote… to, dedicate… to, owe… to, prefer… to, reconcile… to, reduce …to, resign …to等。

c)      動(dòng)詞+-ed分詞 +介詞to

 常見(jiàn)的搭配有be accustomed to, be abbreviated to, be reduced to, be resigned to, be reconciled to, be devoted to, be given to, be used to等。

d)      動(dòng)詞+副詞小品詞+介詞to

常見(jiàn)的搭配有g(shù)et round to, get down to, get near to, face up to, feel up to, look forward to等。

e) 形容詞+介詞to

常見(jiàn)的搭配有adjacent to, averse to, deaf to, equal to, loyal to, preferable to, similar to, superior to, sensitive to, tantamount to等。

f)名詞+介詞to

常見(jiàn)的搭配有obstacle to, limit to, aid to, objection to, indifference to, key to, answer to, hinderance to等。

g)以介詞to結(jié)尾的復(fù)雜介詞

常見(jiàn)的搭配有according to, as to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, thanks to, in addition to, in relation to, with a view to, with an eye to等。

4.不定式在句法中的作用

a)不定式作主語(yǔ)

往往用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)不定式放至句子的后面。

如:It's so nice to hear your voice.

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 

但是,用不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中還有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用It is… to…的句型。另外,這樣的句子,不能用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)。

如:(對(duì))To teach is to learn.

  (錯(cuò))It is to learn to teach.

  (錯(cuò))To teach is learning.

  (錯(cuò))Teaching is to learn.

  b)不定式作賓語(yǔ)

有些動(dòng)詞可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ),大致上有三種情況。

1)             有些及物動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語(yǔ),結(jié)構(gòu)為動(dòng)詞+不定式。例如:

 

 

afford

 

aim

 

agree

 

arrange

 

ask

 

decide

 

bother

 

care

 

choose

 

demand

 

desire

 

determine

 

elect

 

endeavor

 

hope

 

fail

 

help

 

learn

 

long 渴望

 

mean

 

manage

 

offer

 

plan

 

pretend

 

refuse

 

tend

 

undertake

 

expect

 

hate

 

intend

如:The driver failed to see the other car in time.

He offered to help me.

  2)有些動(dòng)詞除了可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ),還用不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),即有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

 

ask

 

choose

 

expect

 

help

 

beg

 

intend

 

like/love

 

need

 

prefer

 

prepare

 

want

 

wish

如:I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

  I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。

  I want to speak to Tom.  我想和湯姆談話。

  I want you to speak to Tom.  我想讓你和湯姆談話。

  3)有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組可以用動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)。例如:

 

decide

 

know

 

consider

 

forget

 

learn

 

remember

 

show

 

wonder

 

find out

 

tell

 

inquire

 

explain

如:Please show us how to do that.

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.

   c)不定式作表語(yǔ)

不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語(yǔ)。

如:My work is to clean the room every day.

  His dream is to be a doctor.

d)不定式作定語(yǔ)

不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:

  I have a lot of work to do. 

There was nothing to bring home that morning.

e)不定式作狀語(yǔ)

1)目的狀語(yǔ)

  常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。

如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 

  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 

    2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)

可以表示沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。

如:I awoke to find my truck gone.

  He searched the room only to find nothing.

    3)表原因

如:I'm glad to see you. 見(jiàn)到你很高興。

  She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。

    4)表示理由和條件

如:He must be a fool to say so.

  You will do well to speak more carefully.

f)不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

1)有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

 

advise

 

allow

 

cause

 

challenge

 

command

 

compel

 

drive 驅(qū)使

 

enable

 

encourage

 

forbid

 

force

 

impel

 

induce

 

instruct

 

invite

 

like/love

 

order

 

permit

 

make

 

let

 

have

 

want

 

get

 

warn

 

persuade

 

request

 

send

 

tell

 

train

 

urge

如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 

  The officer ordered his men to fire.

  注意:有些動(dòng)詞如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ),也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)?,F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng),也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。

  2)有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu),不定式的動(dòng)詞往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:

 

consider

 

find

 

believe

 

think

 

declare(聲稱)

 

appoint

 

guess

 

fancy(設(shè)想)

 

guess

 

judge

 

imagine

 

know

如:We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。

  We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個(gè)笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)

  

  3)有些動(dòng)詞可以跟there +to be的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

 

believe

 

expect

 

intend

 

like

 

love

 

mean

 

prefer

 

want

 

wish

 

understand

 

  

 

  

如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there.

You wouldn’t want there to be another war.

以上這些只是本人在學(xué)習(xí)不定式過(guò)程中的總結(jié)與歸納,我認(rèn)為掌握不定式,弄清楚以上這些方面是非常有必要的,當(dāng)然還應(yīng)將不定式與-ing分詞和-ed分詞在其句法運(yùn)用上作對(duì)比,這里因篇幅原因就不列出了。

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