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在ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序中使用身份模擬(Impersonation)
摘要
缺省情況下,ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序以本機(jī)的ASPNET賬號運行,該賬號屬于普通用戶組,權(quán)限受到一定的限制,以保障ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序運行的安全。但是有時需要某個ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序或者程序中的某段代碼執(zhí)行需要特定權(quán)限的操作,比如某個文件的存取,這時就需要給該程序或相應(yīng)的某段代碼賦予某個賬號的權(quán)限以執(zhí)行該操作,這種方法稱之為身份模擬(Impersonation)。本文介紹了在ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序中使用身份模擬的幾種方法,并比較了它們各自適用的范圍。
在閱讀本文之前,建議您先閱讀文章:《ASP .NET 中的身份驗證:.NET 安全性指導(dǎo)》 以便對ASP.NET的安全控制有一個總體的了解。
目錄
ASP.NET中的身份模擬
ASP.NET 通過使用身份驗證提供程序來實現(xiàn)身份驗證,一般情況下,ASP.NET的身份驗證提供程序包括表單身份驗證、Windows身份驗證和Passport身份驗證3種。當(dāng)通過身份驗證后,ASP.NET會檢查是否啟用身份模擬。如果啟用,ASP .NET 應(yīng)用程序使用客戶端標(biāo)識以客戶端的身份有選擇地執(zhí)行。否則,ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序使用本機(jī)身份標(biāo)識運行(一般使用本機(jī)的ASPNET賬號),具體流程如下圖所示:
![]() 在ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序中使用身份模擬一般用于資源訪問控制,主要有如下幾種方法:
模擬IIS認(rèn)證賬號
這是最簡單的一種方法,使用經(jīng)過IIS認(rèn)證的賬號執(zhí)行應(yīng)用程序。您需要在Web.config文件中添加<identity>標(biāo)記,并將impersonate屬性設(shè)置為true:
<identity impersonate="true" /> 在這種情況下,用戶身份的認(rèn)證交給IIS來進(jìn)行。當(dāng)允許匿名登錄時,IIS將一個匿名登錄使用的標(biāo)識(缺省情況下是IUSR_MACHINENAME)交給ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序。當(dāng)不允許匿名登錄時,IIS將認(rèn)證過的身份標(biāo)識傳遞給ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序。ASP.NET的具體訪問權(quán)限由該賬號的權(quán)限決定。
模擬指定的用戶賬號
當(dāng)ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序需要以某個特定的用戶賬號執(zhí)行,可以在Web.config文件的<identity>標(biāo)記中指定具體的用戶賬號:
<identity impersonate="true" userName="accountname" password="password" /> 這時該ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序的所有頁面的所有請求都將以指定的用戶賬號權(quán)限執(zhí)行。
在代碼中模擬IIS認(rèn)證賬號
在代碼中使用身份模擬更加靈活,可以在指定的代碼段中使用身份模擬,在該代碼段之外恢復(fù)使用ASPNET本機(jī)賬號。該方法要求必須使用Windows的認(rèn)證身份標(biāo)識。下面的例子在代碼中模擬IIS認(rèn)證賬號:
Visual Basic .NET
Dim impersonationContext As System.Security.Principal.WindowsImpersonationContext Dim currentWindowsIdentity As System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity currentWindowsIdentity = CType(User.Identity, System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity) impersonationContext = currentWindowsIdentity.Impersonate() ‘Insert your code that runs under the security context of the authenticating user here. impersonationContext.Undo() Visual C# .NET
System.Security.Principal.WindowsImpersonationContext impersonationContext; impersonationContext = ((System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity)User.Identity).Impersonate(); //Insert your code that runs under the security context of the authenticating user here. impersonationContext.Undo(); 在代碼中模擬指定的用戶賬號
下面的例子在代碼中模擬指定的用戶賬號:
Visual Basic .NET
<%@ Page Language="VB" %>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Web" %>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Web.Security" %>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Security.Principal" %>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Runtime.InteropServices" %>
<script runat=server>
Dim LOGON32_LOGON_INTERACTIVE As Integer = 2
Dim LOGON32_PROVIDER_DEFAULT As Integer = 0
Dim impersonationContext As WindowsImpersonationContext
Declare Auto Function LogonUser Lib "advapi32.dll" (ByVal lpszUsername As String, _
ByVal lpszDomain As String, _
ByVal lpszPassword As String, _
ByVal dwLogonType As Integer, _
ByVal dwLogonProvider As Integer, _
ByRef phToken As IntPtr) As Integer
Declare Auto Function DuplicateToken Lib "advapi32.dll"(ByVal ExistingTokenHandle As IntPtr, _
ImpersonationLevel As Integer, _
ByRef DuplicateTokenHandle As IntPtr) As Integer
Public Sub Page_Load(s As Object, e As EventArgs)
If impersonateValidUser("username", "domain", "password") Then
‘Insert your code that runs under the security context of a specific user here.
undoImpersonation()
Else
‘Your impersonation failed. Therefore, include a fail-safe mechanism here.
End If
End Sub
Private Function impersonateValidUser(userName As String, _
domain As String, password As String) As Boolean
Dim tempWindowsIdentity As WindowsIdentity
Dim token As IntPtr
Dim tokenDuplicate As IntPtr
If LogonUser(userName, domain, password, LOGON32_LOGON_INTERACTIVE, _
LOGON32_PROVIDER_DEFAULT, token) <> 0 Then
If DuplicateToken(token, 2, tokenDuplicate) <> 0 Then
tempWindowsIdentity = new WindowsIdentity(tokenDuplicate)
impersonationContext = tempWindowsIdentity.Impersonate()
If impersonationContext Is Nothing Then
impersonateValidUser = False
Else
impersonateValidUser = True
End If
Else
impersonateValidUser = False
End If
Else
impersonateValidUser = False
End If
End Function
Private Sub undoImpersonation()
impersonationContext.Undo()
End Sub
</script>
Visual C# .NET
<%@ Page Language="C#"%>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Web" %>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Web.Security" %>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Security.Principal" %>
<%@ Import Namespace = "System.Runtime.InteropServices" %>
<script runat=server>
public const int LOGON32_LOGON_INTERACTIVE = 2;
public const int LOGON32_PROVIDER_DEFAULT = 0;
WindowsImpersonationContext impersonationContext;
[DllImport("advapi32.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Auto)]
public static extern int LogonUser(String lpszUserName,
String lpszDomain,
String lpszPassword,
int dwLogonType,
int dwLogonProvider,
ref IntPtr phToken);
[DllImport("advapi32.dll", CharSet=System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Auto, SetLastError=true)]
public extern static int DuplicateToken(IntPtr hToken,
int impersonationLevel,
ref IntPtr hNewToken);
public void Page_Load(Object s, EventArgs e)
{
if(impersonateValidUser("username", "domain", "password"))
{
//Insert your code that runs under the security context of a specific user here.
undoImpersonation();
}
else
{
//Your impersonation failed. Therefore, include a fail-safe mechanism here.
}
}
private bool impersonateValidUser(String userName, String domain, String password)
{
WindowsIdentity tempWindowsIdentity;
IntPtr token = IntPtr.Zero;
IntPtr tokenDuplicate = IntPtr.Zero;
if(LogonUser(userName, domain, password, LOGON32_LOGON_INTERACTIVE,
LOGON32_PROVIDER_DEFAULT, ref token) != 0)
{
if(DuplicateToken(token, 2, ref tokenDuplicate) != 0)
{
tempWindowsIdentity = new WindowsIdentity(tokenDuplicate);
impersonationContext = tempWindowsIdentity.Impersonate();
if (impersonationContext != null)
return true;
else
return false;
}
else
return false;
}
else
return false;
}
private void undoImpersonation()
{
impersonationContext.Undo();
}
</script>
下面介紹ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序中使用身份模擬的一個簡單應(yīng)用。例如有一個ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序要檢查服務(wù)器端某個文件是否存在,相應(yīng)的程序代碼為:
bool a = File.Exists("D:\\Share\\test.txt");
缺省情況下該ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序以ASPNET賬號運行。為了安全起見,ASPNET這個賬號并沒有服務(wù)器端D:\Share\這個目錄的訪問權(quán)限。在不使用身份模擬的情況下,由于ASP.NET應(yīng)用程序不具有訪問該目錄的權(quán)限,無論文件是否存在,F(xiàn)ile.Exists的返回值將永遠(yuǎn)是false。為了解決這個問題,可以另建一個用戶賬號:FileExist,并賦予該賬號D:\Share\目錄的訪問權(quán)限。然后在該應(yīng)用程序的Web.config文件的<identity>標(biāo)記中指定具體的用戶賬號:
<identity impersonate="true" userName="FileExist" password="password" /> 來執(zhí)行該程序。
更多信息
請訪問以下鏈接獲取更多信息:
1. INFO: Implementing Impersonation in an ASP.NET Application
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q306158&SD=MSKB
2. INFO: ASP.NET Security Overview
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q306590
3. ASP.NET Web Application Security
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/cpguide/html/cpconaspnetwebapplicationsecurity.asp
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